Herbal Medicines and Recent Development on Novel Herbal Drug Delivery System
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32734/idjpcr.v6i1.11702Keywords:
Herbal medicines, phytochemical, Novel drug delivery system, Phytosome, liposome, transferosomeAbstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines herbal medicine as a technique that uses herbs, herbal ingredients, herbal preparations, and finished herbal products. Herbal remedies contain a variety of chemical components known as phytochemicals, which fall into a number of categories including saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Due to the presence of these phytochemicals, herbal medications can be used to treat a variety of ailments and diseases, including gastrointestinal problems, skin infections, arthritis, migraines, and weariness. Herbal medicines have less major adverse effects than conventional pharmaceuticals and are less expensive.
New herbal formulations can include transfersomes, ethosomes, microspheres, phytosomes, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and nanocapsules. In comparison to traditional herbal medicines, the novel herbal drug delivery systems offer many advantages, including increased solubility and bioavailability, protection from side effects, enhanced pharmacological action, increased stability, better delivery to tissue macrophages, consistent delivery, and protection against the physical and chemical breakdown of active ingredients. To incorporate standardised herbal extract or aqueously soluble active ingredients into phospholipids to build lipid companionable molecular complexes, phytosome has been described as a patented innovative herbal technology produced by a leading manufacturer of medicines and nutraceuticals. The use of herbal medicines can be expanded in order to increase their efficacy by incorporating them into more sophisticated medications.
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References
Bent S. Herbal medicine in the United States: Review of efficacy, safety, and regulation. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2008; 23(6):854-859
Kessler RC, Davis RB, Foster DF, Van Rompay MI, Walters EE, Wilkey SA, Kaptchuk TJ, Eisenberg DM. Long-term trends in the use of complementary and alternative medical therapies in the United States. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001;135(4):262-268
Bodeker G, Burford G. Traditional, complementary and alternative medicine: Policy and public health perspectives. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2007;86(1):77-78
Fasinu PS, Bouic PJ, Rosenkranz B. An overview of the evidence and mechanisms of herb– drug interactions. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2012;3:69. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00069
Bensoussan A, Myers SP, Wu S, O’Connor K. Naturopathic and western herbal medicine practice in Australia: A workforce survey. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2004;12(1):17-27
Van-Wyk BE, deWet H, Van-Heerden FR. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in the southeastern Karoo, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany. 2008;74:696-704
WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-2005. Geneva: WHO. p. 2002
Barrett B, Kiefer D, Rabago D. Assessing the risks and benefits of herbal medicine: An overview of scientific evidence. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 1999;5: 40-49
Nortier JL, Martinez MC, Schmeiser HH, et al. Urothelial carcinoma associated with the use of a Chinese herb (Aristolochia fangchi). The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000; 342:1686-1692
Stickel F, Patsenker E, Schuppan D. Herbal hepatotoxicity. Journal of Hepatology. 2005; 43:901-910
Haller CA, Benowitz NL. Adverse cardiovascular and central nervous system events associated with dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000; 343:1833-1838
General Guidelines for Methodologies on Research and Evaluation of Traditional Medicine. Vol. 13. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000
Shinde VM, Dhalwal K, Potdar M, Mahadik KR. Application of quality control principles to herbal drugs. International Journal of Phytomedicine. 2009:4-8
Mosihuzzaman M. Herbal medicine in healthcare—an overview. Natural Product Communications. 2012;7(6):807-812
Coleman LM, Fowler LL, Williams ME. Use of unproven therapies by people with Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1995;43:747-750
Ansari FZ, Alam S, Jain P, Akhter S, Ansari MZH. Vitiligo and its herbal treatment. Pharmacological Reviews. 2008;12:137-113
Parasuraman U, Thing GS, So DA. Polyherbal formulation: Concept of Ayurveda. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2014;8(16):73-80
Spinella M. The importance of pharmacological synergy in psychoactive herbal medicines. Alternative Medicine Review. 2002;7:130-137
Mahima RA, Deb R, Latheef SK, Abdul Samad H, Tiwari R, Verma AK, Kumar A, Dhama K. Immunomodulatory and therapeutic potentials of herbal, traditional/indigenous and ethnoveterinary medicines. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2012;15:754-774
Akhtar N, Ali M, Alam MS. Herbal drugs used in dental care. Pharmacy Review. 2005; 10:61-68
Seigler DS. Plant Secondary Metabolism. New York: Springer Science Business Media; 1995. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4913-0. ISBN: 978-1-4613-7228-8; 978-1-4615-4913-0 (eBook)
Delgoda R, Murray JE. Evolutionary perspectives on the role of plant secondary metabolites. In: Badal S, Delgoda R, editors. Pharmacognosy: Fundamentals, Applications and Strategies. 1st ed. Oxoford, UK: Academic Press; 2017. pp. 93-100
Wink M. Modes of action of herbal medicines and plant secondary metabolites. Medicine. 2015; 2:251-286
Harborne JB, Baxter H. Phytochemical Dictionary—A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. London, UK: Taylor and Francis; 1993
Wink M. Functions of plant secondary metabolites and their exploitation in biotechnology. In: Annual Plant Reviews. Vol. 39. London, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010
Ernst E. The efficacy of herbal medicine—an overview. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 2005; 19(4):405-409
Tachjian A, Maria V, Jahangir A. Use of herbal products and potential interactions in patients with patient cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2010;55(6):515-525
Calixto J. Efficacy, safety, quality control, marketing and regulatory guidelines for herbal medicines (phytotherapeutic agents). Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2000; 33:179-189
Capasso R, Borrelli F, Aviello G, Mascolo N, Romano B. Phytotherapy and quality of herbal medicines. Fitoterapia. 2000; 71(1):58-65
Ekor M. The growing use of herbal medicines: Issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2013; 4:177
Firenzuoli F, Gori L. Herbal medicine today: Clinical and research issues. eCAM. 2007; 4(S1):37-40
Tavakoli J, Miar S, Zadehzare MM, Akbari H. Evaluation of effectiveness of herbal medication in cancer care: A review study. Iranian Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2012; 5(3):144-156
Medina OP, Zhu Y, Kairemo K. Targeted liposomal drug delivery in cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2004; 10:2981 9.
Mandal SC, Mandal M. Current status and future prospects of new drug delivery system. Pharm Times 2010; 42:13 6.
Ajazuddin SS. Applications of novel drug delivery system for herbal formulations. Fitoterapia 2010; 81:680 9.
Goyal A, Kumar S, Nagpal M, Singh I, Arora S. Potential of novel drug delivery systems for herbal drugs. Indian J Pharm Educ Res 2011; 45:225 35.
Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, Rémésy C, Jiménez L. Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79:727 47.
Chauhan NS, Rajan G, Gopalakrishna B. Phytosomes: A potential phyto phospholipid carriers for herbal drug delivery. J Pharm Res 2009; 2:1267 70
Parakh SR, Gothoskar AV. Review of mouth dissolving tablet technologies. Pharmaceutical Technology. Duluth, MN: Advanstar Communications; 2003. p. 47 52.
Blatt Y, Kimmelman E, Cohen D, Rotman A. Microencapsulated and controlled release herbal formulations. United States Patent; 2002
Marechal D, Yang Wg, Yuzhang H. Sustained-release microgranules containing Ginkgo biloba extract and the process for manufacturing these. United States Patent 2009. p.7569236.
Sterer N, Nuas S, Mizrahi B, Goldenberg C, Weiss EI, Domb A, et al. Oral malodor reduction by a palatal mucoadhesive tablet containing herbal formulation. J Dent 2008;36:535 9.
Sharma A, Sharma US. Liposomes in drug delivery: Progress and limitations. Int J Pharm 1997;154:123 40.
Zhong H, DengY, Wang X, YangB. Multivesicular liposome formulation for the sustained delivery of breviscapine. Int J Pharm 2005;301:15 24
Youfang C, Xianfu L, Hyunjin P, Richard G. Evaluation of artemisnin nanoparticles. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 2009;5:316 22.
Brigger I, Dubernet C, Couvreur P. Nanoparticles in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002;54:631 51.
Mei Z, Chen H, Weng T, Yang Y, Yang X. Solid lipid nanoparticle and microemulsion for topical delivery of triptolide. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2003;56:189 96
Mohanraj VJ, Chen Y. Nanoparticles: A review. Trop J Pharm Res 2006;5:561 73.
Tangri P, Khurana S. Niosomes: Formulation and evaluation. Int J Biopharm 2011;2:47 53.
Gupta S, Singh RP, Lokwani P, Yadav S, Gupta SK. Vesicular system as targeted drug delivery system: An overview. Int J Pharm Technol 2011;3:987 1021.
Shukla ND, Tiwari M. Proniosomal drug delivery systems – Clinical applications. Int J Res Pharm Biomed Sci 2011;2:880 7.
Raja K, Ukken JP, Athul PV, Tamizharasi S, Sivakumar T. Formulation and evaluation of maltodextrin based proniosomal drug delivery system containing anti diabetic (glipizide) drug. Int J Pharm Technol Res 2011;3:471 7.
Yasam VR, Jakki SL, Natarajan J, Kuppusamy G. A review on novel vesicular drug delivery: Proniosomes. Drug Deliv 2014;21:243 9.
Garala KC, Shinde AJ, Shah PH. Formulation and in vitro characterization of monolithic matrix transdermal systems using hpmc/ eudragit s 100 polymer blends. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2009;1:108 20
Verma M, Gupta PK, Varsha BP, Purohit AP. Development of transdermal drug dosage formulation for the anti rheumatic ayurvedic medicinal plants. Anc Sci Life 2007;11:66 9.
Meena KP, Dangi JS, Samal PK, Namdeo KP. Recent advances in microspheres manufacturing technology. Int J Pharm Technol 2011;3:854 93.
Lakshmana PS, Shirwaikar AA, Shirwaikar A, Kumar A. Formulation and evaluation of sustained release microspheres of rosin containing aceclofenac. Ars Pharm 2009;50:51 62.
Gavini E, Alamanni MC, Cossu M, Giunchedi P. Tabletted microspheres containing Cynara scolymus (var. spinoso sardo) extract for the preparation of controlled release nutraceutical matrices. J Microencapsul 2005;22:487 99.
Kun Z, Caigang L, Zhuo Z, Lijuan Z. The effect of elemene on lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell radiosensitivity and elucidation of its mechanism Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2015;70:556–62. doi: 10.6061/clinics/2015(08)05
Song YM, Ping QN, Wu ZH. Preparation of silybin nano emulsion and its pharmacokinetics in rabbits. J Chin Pharm Univ 2005;5:427 31.
Vicentini FT, Simi TR, Del Ciampo JO, Wolga NO, Pitol DL, Iyomasa MM, et al. Quercetin in w/o microemulsion: In vitro and in vivo skin penetration and efficacy against UVB induced skin damages evaluated in vivo. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008;69:948 57.
Aggarwal G, Garg A, Dhawan S. Transdermal drug delivery: Evolving technologies and expanding opportunities. Indian J Pharm Educ Res 2009;43:251 9.
Dayan N, Touitou E. Carriers for skin delivery of trihexyphenidyl HCl: Ethosomes vs. liposomes. Biomaterials 2000; 21:1879 85.
. Touitou E, Godin B, Dayan N, Weiss C, Piliponsky A, Levi Schaffer F, et al. Intracellular delivery mediated by an ethosomal carrier. Biomaterials 2001;22:3053 9.
Abdulbaqi IM, Darwis Y, Khan NA, Assi RA, Khan AA. Ethosomal nanocarriers: The impact of constituents and formulation techniques on ethosomal properties, in vivo studies, and clinical trials. Int J Nanomedicine 2016;11:2279 304.
Walve JR, Bakliwal SR, Rane BR, Pawar SP. Transfersomes: A surrogated carrier for transdermal drug delivery system. Int J Appl Biol Pharm Technol 2011; 2:204 13.
Pinto JF. Site specific drug delivery systems within the gastro intestinal tract: From the mouth to the colon. Int J Pharm 2010; 395:44 52
Bent S. Herbal medicine in the United States: Review of efficacy, safety, and regulation. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2008; 23(6):854-859
Kessler RC, Davis RB, Foster DF, Van Rompay MI, Walters EE, Wilkey SA, Kaptchuk TJ, Eisenberg DM. Long-term trends in the use of complementary and alternative medical therapies in the United States. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001;135(4):262-268
Bodeker G, Burford G. Traditional, complementary and alternative medicine: Policy and public health perspectives. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2007;86(1):77-78
Fasinu PS, Bouic PJ, Rosenkranz B. An overview of the evidence and mechanisms of herb– drug interactions. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2012;3:69. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00069
Bensoussan A, Myers SP, Wu S, O’Connor K. Naturopathic and western herbal medicine practice in Australia: A workforce survey. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2004;12(1):17-27
Van-Wyk BE, deWet H, Van-Heerden FR. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in the southeastern Karoo, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany. 2008;74:696-704
WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-2005. Geneva: WHO. p. 2002
Barrett B, Kiefer D, Rabago D. Assessing the risks and benefits of herbal medicine: An overview of scientific evidence. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 1999;5: 40-49
Nortier JL, Martinez MC, Schmeiser HH, et al. Urothelial carcinoma associated with the use of a Chinese herb (Aristolochia fangchi). The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000; 342:1686-1692
Stickel F, Patsenker E, Schuppan D. Herbal hepatotoxicity. Journal of Hepatology. 2005; 43:901-910
Haller CA, Benowitz NL. Adverse cardiovascular and central nervous system events associated with dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000; 343:1833-1838
General Guidelines for Methodologies on Research and Evaluation of Traditional Medicine. Vol. 13. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000
Shinde VM, Dhalwal K, Potdar M, Mahadik KR. Application of quality control principles to herbal drugs. International Journal of Phytomedicine. 2009:4-8
Mosihuzzaman M. Herbal medicine in healthcare—an overview. Natural Product Communications. 2012;7(6):807-812
Coleman LM, Fowler LL, Williams ME. Use of unproven therapies by people with Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1995;43:747-750
Ansari FZ, Alam S, Jain P, Akhter S, Ansari MZH. Vitiligo and its herbal treatment. Pharmacological Reviews. 2008;12:137-113
Parasuraman U, Thing GS, So DA. Polyherbal formulation: Concept of Ayurveda. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2014;8(16):73-80
Spinella M. The importance of pharmacological synergy in psychoactive herbal medicines. Alternative Medicine Review. 2002;7:130-137
Mahima RA, Deb R, Latheef SK, Abdul Samad H, Tiwari R, Verma AK, Kumar A, Dhama K. Immunomodulatory and therapeutic potentials of herbal, traditional/indigenous and ethnoveterinary medicines. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2012;15:754-774
Akhtar N, Ali M, Alam MS. Herbal drugs used in dental care. Pharmacy Review. 2005; 10:61-68
Seigler DS. Plant Secondary Metabolism. New York: Springer Science Business Media; 1995. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4913-0. ISBN: 978-1-4613-7228-8; 978-1-4615-4913-0 (eBook)
Delgoda R, Murray JE. Evolutionary perspectives on the role of plant secondary metabolites. In: Badal S, Delgoda R, editors. Pharmacognosy: Fundamentals, Applications and Strategies. 1st ed. Oxoford, UK: Academic Press; 2017. pp. 93-100
Wink M. Modes of action of herbal medicines and plant secondary metabolites. Medicine. 2015; 2:251-286
Harborne JB, Baxter H. Phytochemical Dictionary—A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. London, UK: Taylor and Francis; 1993
Wink M. Functions of plant secondary metabolites and their exploitation in biotechnology. In: Annual Plant Reviews. Vol. 39. London, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010
Ernst E. The efficacy of herbal medicine—an overview. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 2005; 19(4):405-409
Tachjian A, Maria V, Jahangir A. Use of herbal products and potential interactions in patients with patient cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2010;55(6):515-525
Calixto J. Efficacy, safety, quality control, marketing and regulatory guidelines for herbal medicines (phytotherapeutic agents). Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2000; 33:179-189
Capasso R, Borrelli F, Aviello G, Mascolo N, Romano B. Phytotherapy and quality of herbal medicines. Fitoterapia. 2000; 71(1):58-65
Ekor M. The growing use of herbal medicines: Issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2013; 4:177
Firenzuoli F, Gori L. Herbal medicine today: Clinical and research issues. eCAM. 2007; 4(S1):37-40
Tavakoli J, Miar S, Zadehzare MM, Akbari H. Evaluation of effectiveness of herbal medication in cancer care: A review study. Iranian Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2012; 5(3):144-156
Medina OP, Zhu Y, Kairemo K. Targeted liposomal drug delivery in cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2004; 10:2981 9.
Mandal SC, Mandal M. Current status and future prospects of new drug delivery system. Pharm Times 2010; 42:13 6.
Ajazuddin SS. Applications of novel drug delivery system for herbal formulations. Fitoterapia 2010; 81:680 9.
Goyal A, Kumar S, Nagpal M, Singh I, Arora S. Potential of novel drug delivery systems for herbal drugs. Indian J Pharm Educ Res 2011; 45:225 35.
Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, Rémésy C, Jiménez L. Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79:727 47.
Chauhan NS, Rajan G, Gopalakrishna B. Phytosomes: A potential phyto phospholipid carriers for herbal drug delivery. J Pharm Res 2009; 2:1267 70
Parakh SR, Gothoskar AV. Review of mouth dissolving tablet technologies. Pharmaceutical Technology. Duluth, MN: Advanstar Communications; 2003. p. 47 52.
Blatt Y, Kimmelman E, Cohen D, Rotman A. Microencapsulated and controlled release herbal formulations. United States Patent; 2002
Marechal D, Yang Wg, Yuzhang H. Sustained-release microgranules containing Ginkgo biloba extract and the process for manufacturing these. United States Patent 2009. p.7569236.
Sterer N, Nuas S, Mizrahi B, Goldenberg C, Weiss EI, Domb A, et al. Oral malodor reduction by a palatal mucoadhesive tablet containing herbal formulation. J Dent 2008;36:535 9.
Sharma A, Sharma US. Liposomes in drug delivery: Progress and limitations. Int J Pharm 1997;154:123 40.
Zhong H, DengY, Wang X, YangB. Multivesicular liposome formulation for the sustained delivery of breviscapine. Int J Pharm 2005;301:15 24
Youfang C, Xianfu L, Hyunjin P, Richard G. Evaluation of artemisnin nanoparticles. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 2009;5:316 22.
Brigger I, Dubernet C, Couvreur P. Nanoparticles in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002;54:631 51.
Mei Z, Chen H, Weng T, Yang Y, Yang X. Solid lipid nanoparticle and microemulsion for topical delivery of triptolide. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2003;56:189 96
Mohanraj VJ, Chen Y. Nanoparticles: A review. Trop J Pharm Res 2006;5:561 73.
Tangri P, Khurana S. Niosomes: Formulation and evaluation. Int J Biopharm 2011;2:47 53.
Gupta S, Singh RP, Lokwani P, Yadav S, Gupta SK. Vesicular system as targeted drug delivery system: An overview. Int J Pharm Technol 2011;3:987 1021.
Shukla ND, Tiwari M. Proniosomal drug delivery systems – Clinical applications. Int J Res Pharm Biomed Sci 2011;2:880 7.
Raja K, Ukken JP, Athul PV, Tamizharasi S, Sivakumar T. Formulation and evaluation of maltodextrin based proniosomal drug delivery system containing anti diabetic (glipizide) drug. Int J Pharm Technol Res 2011;3:471 7.
Yasam VR, Jakki SL, Natarajan J, Kuppusamy G. A review on novel vesicular drug delivery: Proniosomes. Drug Deliv 2014;21:243 9.
Garala KC, Shinde AJ, Shah PH. Formulation and in vitro characterization of monolithic matrix transdermal systems using hpmc/ eudragit s 100 polymer blends. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2009;1:108 20
Verma M, Gupta PK, Varsha BP, Purohit AP. Development of transdermal drug dosage formulation for the anti rheumatic ayurvedic medicinal plants. Anc Sci Life 2007;11:66 9.
Meena KP, Dangi JS, Samal PK, Namdeo KP. Recent advances in microspheres manufacturing technology. Int J Pharm Technol 2011;3:854 93.
Lakshmana PS, Shirwaikar AA, Shirwaikar A, Kumar A. Formulation and evaluation of sustained release microspheres of rosin containing aceclofenac. Ars Pharm 2009;50:51 62.
Gavini E, Alamanni MC, Cossu M, Giunchedi P. Tabletted microspheres containing Cynara scolymus (var. spinoso sardo) extract for the preparation of controlled release nutraceutical matrices. J Microencapsul 2005;22:487 99.
Kun Z, Caigang L, Zhuo Z, Lijuan Z. The effect of elemene on lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell radiosensitivity and elucidation of its mechanism Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2015;70:556–62. doi: 10.6061/clinics/2015(08)05
Song YM, Ping QN, Wu ZH. Preparation of silybin nano emulsion and its pharmacokinetics in rabbits. J Chin Pharm Univ 2005;5:427 31.
Vicentini FT, Simi TR, Del Ciampo JO, Wolga NO, Pitol DL, Iyomasa MM, et al. Quercetin in w/o microemulsion: In vitro and in vivo skin penetration and efficacy against UVB induced skin damages evaluated in vivo. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008;69:948 57.
Aggarwal G, Garg A, Dhawan S. Transdermal drug delivery: Evolving technologies and expanding opportunities. Indian J Pharm Educ Res 2009;43:251 9.
Dayan N, Touitou E. Carriers for skin delivery of trihexyphenidyl HCl: Ethosomes vs. liposomes. Biomaterials 2000; 21:1879 85.
. Touitou E, Godin B, Dayan N, Weiss C, Piliponsky A, Levi Schaffer F, et al. Intracellular delivery mediated by an ethosomal carrier. Biomaterials 2001;22:3053 9.
Abdulbaqi IM, Darwis Y, Khan NA, Assi RA, Khan AA. Ethosomal nanocarriers: The impact of constituents and formulation techniques on ethosomal properties, in vivo studies, and clinical trials. Int J Nanomedicine 2016;11:2279 304.
Walve JR, Bakliwal SR, Rane BR, Pawar SP. Transfersomes: A surrogated carrier for transdermal drug delivery system. Int J Appl Biol Pharm Technol 2011; 2:204 13.
Pinto JF. Site specific drug delivery systems within the gastro intestinal tract: From the mouth to the colon. Int J Pharm 2010; 395:44 52
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