Evaluation of Fire Protection Systems in Hotel Building (Case Study: Grand Kanaya Hotel Medan)

Hotel is a public living facility for tourists by providing room services, food and beverage providers, and accommodation with payment terms. Fire is a flame, both small and large, which is usually hard to control and detrimental and can occur in a place that we do not expect. Ensuring the protection of hotel residents is one of the goals of hotel business standards. Grand Kanaya Hotel is a 3-star hotel building in the city of Medan, with 152 units of rooms and several facilities that enable activities involving large numbers of people, such as restaurants and ballrooms. According to the quite high number of occupants, Grand Kanaya Hotel requires a fire protection system that can protect all hotel residents against fire hazards. The study aims to evaluate the fire protection system that has been applied to the building of the Grand Kanaya Hotel and provide references for fire protection systems that are standard in hotel buildings. This research is using the qualitative method that obtains from field observation and uses a type of descriptive research that explains the facts or existing conditions of fire protection systems in the Grand Kanaya Hotel building. The results show that there are several fire protection systems in Grand Kanaya Hotels that not according to the standards, such as the minimum size, the material used is not resistant to fire, and maximum distance lies, which still exceeds the maximum value. The study results are useful as information for other researchers and hotels regarding fire protection systems at the Grand Kanaya Hotel building.


Introduction
Every building has a risk of fire, as with a hotel building. In 2009, the hotel fires happened at the M-City Hotel, which recorded 20 deaths with burnt and smoke poisoning due to being trapped in the building. A lack of rescue facilities and the absence of warning alarms or notification of fires caused deaths. Grand Kanaya Hotel is a 3-star hotel consisting of 152 rooms and several facilities such as restaurants and ballrooms. As required by Ministry of required to implement active and passive protection systems that comply with fire protection system standards that can be adequate or help all residents to evacuate to a safe place.

Literature Review
Fire is a flame, whether small or large, which is generally difficult to control and is detrimental, can occur in a place that we do not expect [2]. Fires will ensue if the flammable material, oxygen, and also heat continues to be maintained as a chain reaction and causes continuous combustion.
Fires can occur anywhere, including hotel buildings. Hotels are public residence facilities for tourists that provide room services, food, and beverage providers, and accommodation with payment terms [3]. According to the Head of Labor Ministry No186/MEN/1999, the hotel building is in the classification of buildings with minor fire hazards. The hotel building is a building that has many users and activities; therefore, to protect all residents from fire hazards, hotel buildings are required to have a fire protection system that meets standards. for active protection systems, passive protection systems, and management methods to protect buildings and the environment against fire hazards. According to Egan (1978), in the book "Concepts in Building Fire Safety," protection against fires in buildings is intended so that occupants of buildings affected by the fire can save themselves safely [4]. The fire protection system consists of an active fire protection system and a passive fire protection system. Both protection active and passive are needed simultaneously in the event of a fire, while the active protection system works to notify hotspots and extinguish fires directly with protection devices, passive protection systems refer to architectural design and design structures that are stable and have fire resistance and can inhibit fire/heat transmission and design access roads which is used to help residents get out of the building safely.
The active fire protection system is a system through existing facilities contained in buildings or protection systems by handling fire/fire directly [4]. Based on different sources, an active fire protection system is a complete fire protection system consisting of both manual and automatic fire detection systems, water-based fire extinguishing systems such as sprinklers, standpipes, and fire hosen, a chemical-based fire extinguishing system, such as APAR and special extinguishers [1].
Sprinkler installation is a fire extinguisher installation system that is installed permanently in a building that can extinguish fires automatically by spraying water in the place where the fire first occurs (SNI 03-3989-2000). For all high-rise buildings, except where guest rooms or suite guest rooms that have the same exit access as the exterior access road must have the sprinkler system as protection. The maximum distance between the sprinkler heads in one row and the maximum distance between adjacent rows is 4.6 m. The fire alarm system is an automatic fire detection system by looking at changes that occur in the surrounding environment related to a fire. Each floor must provide the manual call point box with the horizontal distance that must be taken to reach a manual call point box on the floor not to exceed 60 m.
The heat detector function is to detect a drastic increase in room temperature in a room.
Location requirements and placement of heat detectors according to SNI 03-3985-2000, among others, point type detectors must be placed on the ceiling with a distance of not less than 100 mm (4 inches) from the side of the wall and each detector placed at a distance equal to 0, 7 times the registered distance (the distance between detectors is 9.1 m). On a ceiling with a height of about 3 m (10 ft) to 9 m (30 ft), the distance between the heat detectors must follow to table 1. The building fire hydrant is a fire prevention system that uses water supply in buildings. Based on Pd-T-11-2005-C, hose and hydrant boxes should not be blocked and must be located not more than 1.5 m (5 feet) above the floor surface or less than 0.9 m (3 feet), having a box for storing and a 35 mm diameter hose connection in excellent condition with a minimum hose length of 30 m and an adequate water supply for the system needs for at least 45 minutes.
The placement of exit sign or pointing arrows is at the intersection of the corridor, way out to the emergency staircase, balcony or terrace, and the door to the emergency stairs. The direction sign says "EXIT" or other suitable words, with letters that are easy to see, the minimum height of 15 cm, and the letter thickness of at least 2 cm. The word "EXIT" must have a letter width of at least 5 cm except for the letter "I" and the minimum distance between minimum letters of 1 cm; a more significant direction signs are according to the proportional size to their height ( Figure 1).
The technical requirements, according to SNI 03-6574-2001, are that each emergency lamp must work automatically and have a sufficient level of lighting for safe evacuation (minimum of 10 lux from the floor). In a centralized system, one backup power and automatic control must have protection from damage due to fire with a cover construction that has a fireresistance level not less than 1 hour.
Passive fire protection systems are fire protection systems that are formed or built through regulation of building structures, compartmentalization, or separation of buildings based on fire resistance levels, as well as protection against openings [1]. The passive protection system refers to the architectural design and designing a stable structure and has fire resistance and can inhibit fire/heat propagation and design access exits that are used to help residents safely escape the building. A passive fire protection system consists of completeness on the site and escape tool.
Site planning is planning that regulates the site to prevent and minimize fire hazards, which includes the layout and orientation of the building, the distance between buildings, the placement of yard hydrants, the provision of open spaces, and others [1]. Based on the Road pavement must be available in the building environment so the firetrucks can traverse [1]. In every part of a building (other than class 1, 2, and 3 buildings), the pavement must be  Yard hydrants are hydrants located outside buildings/buildings in locations that are safe from fire, and the distribution of fire supplies into buildings is carried out through the "Siamese" Evacuation route is a track as a direct and rapid transfer from people who will stay away from threats or events that endanger lives [5]. Components of exit facilities consist of corridors, emergency stairs, and emergency doors. According to the Fire Training Guide for Tk. 1 (2002), the evacuation route is a path that is unobstructed and must be able to be traversed by residents in the event of an emergency from each point of the building to a safer place. In hotel buildings, there are standards of comfort and corridor length. Based on the consideration of comfort in circulation, the maximum length of the corridor in the hotel is 30 m (without sprinkler) or 45 m (with a sprinkler) [5].
Fire escape staircase is a stair precisely planned for rescue in the event of fire [1]. Based on the Fire doors are doors that go directly to the fire stairs and only used when a fire occurs [1]. Each building with a level of more than three must have a minimum of 2 emergency doors with a maximum distance of 25 meters from each point of the position of people in one building block [6]. Emergency doors must be resistant of fire for at least 2 hours, equipped with an automatic cover, warning signs, painted in red and equipped with a minimum of three hinges and a fireresistant glass of at least 1m2 and placed in the upper half of the door leaf.

Methodology
The research location is a 3-star hotel located on Jalan Darussalam No. 12, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia ( Figure 2). Hotel Grand Kanaya is a 6-floor vertical residential building consisting of 152 rooms with additional facilities such as restaurants, lounges, souvenir shops, meeting rooms, and ballrooms.    Furthermore, smoke detectors are available on every floor of the building. The placement of the heat detector is on the ceiling with a distance of 0.6-1 m from the wall, which means it meets a minimum distance of 10mm. The distance of the heat detector on the 1st floor between the detectors is reaching 22 meters, the detector on the 2nd floor reaches 7 to 37m, and on the 3rd-6th floor, it reaches 18-27.8m. Based on the standard distance between detectors in table 2.3, the placement of a heat detector at Grand Kanaya Hotel is not suitable because it exceeds the standard installation distance between detectors. The distance between each smoke detector is in Figure 5.    Grand Kanaya Hotel does not have a specific pavement layer for fire engines. Access to the entrance of the fire engine must be in paving block material, which has a width of 6 meters and 7 meters at the exit, with a flat road surface, which is not following predetermined environmental road standards, because it does not have a particular pavement layer for fire engines.

Result and Discussion
The distance between the hotel and the buildings around has met the standard to protect against the fire widespread. The distance among the buildings is 21 meters in the east, 13 meters in the south, and 15 meters in the west. Whereas in the northern part of the building, the distance between the hotel building and the building next to it is 3 meters, it does not meet the minimum standards that have been determined, namely with a minimum distance of 6 meters ( Figure 10).  The interior corridor in the Grand Kanaya Hotel is the building circulation as a way out of buildings during an emergency. The corridors are free of obstacles to reducing the risk of accidents during the evacuation process. The maximum distance of the corridor in a hotel building is 45 meters if using a sprinkler, but at the Grand Kanaya Hotel, the maximum distance on floors 3 to 6 reaches 54 meters, which means it exceeds the specified standard.
While for dimensions, the corridor meets the standard, which is not less than 2 meters in height and not less than 1 meter in width. The following are the conditions of the corridor at Grand Kanaya Hotel (Figure 12 and Figure 13).

Figure 13. The Condition of Grand Kanaya Hotel Corridor
In the Grand Kanaya Hotel building, there is one emergency staircase and not according to the provisions of the emergency stairs requirements, which is at least having two emergency stairs.
The emergency staircase consists of an emergency door, but the emergency door on the building uses wood material that is not fire-resistant and does not have a push/air pressure fan to provide positive pressure to prevent smoke from entering the emergency stairwell. Therefore, this condition is contrary to the standard of the emergency stairway stated in SNI 03-1746-2000 [6]. Grand Kanaya Hotel Emergency stairs are in Figure 14. The building's emergency door is 80cm wide and has an "EXIT" sign above the door. The emergency door on the building has met the dimensions standard, but the emergency door contained in the Grand Kanaya Hotel building uses wood material that is not fire-resistant and is also not equipped with a driving fan to give positive pressure ( Figure 15).

Conclusion
In the Grand Kanaya Hotel building there are several fire protection systems that do not meet the specified standards, including, the sprinkler distance is more than 4.6 m with a distance of 6.6-26.8m, the distance between buildings in the north is 3m, so less from the minimum value of the inter-building distance of 6m, the maximum distance of the corridor on the 3rd to 6th floors reaches 51 meters, which means it exceeds the maximum standard of 45m, the emergency staircase at the Grand Kanaya Hotel building is only available 1 emergency staircase and emergency door on the hotel building using material that is not resistant to fire.
The recommendations are by adding stairs on the southeast side, replacing the emergency door with a door that uses fire-resistant material, adding detectors, sprinklers and emergency lighting according to the fire protection system requirements.