Behavioral Architecture Approach to Concept of Housing for the Face of Pandemic

One effect caused by a calamity is the psychological impact on the community. In December 2019 covid-19 viral infected many countries including Indonesia which later changed his status to make cause serious problems because there is no vaccine to prevent transmission of the virus. This condition requires every society to comply with government regulations as quarantine, PSBB, WFH, social distancing. The psychological impact that is often found in society is afraid of panic and other stress. Psychology is closely related to conducting this study will discuss architectural behavior that plays a role in the relationship between people and space. This research as if would explain what occurred in behavior and how your family made the architect can solve this problem by emphasizing psychiatric problems through the application for building design, occupancy of a room. The theory of architecture as a guide in determining objects for the attention that the occupants need through analysis of the type of activity and used before and during the pandemic. This approach asserts the need to understand the behavior and needs of the people living in the house in use. This research activity was carried out with space objects selected based on the similarity of form and design of the average home in Medan City. In activities, the research was conducted with a sample housing path in our name in “Villa Nusa Sempurna” with different types of houses, and various characters users and primary focus will also be on the type of house that is most in demand are in residential. Is a type of type 70 most interested in shape and arrangement with the most commonly found in residential of the town. The result of this research is designed products have been analyzed based on the assessment of behavior so that it can become a new alternative designing safe and comfortable housing for the face of a pandemic. Keyword: Architecture, behavior, house, pandemic. Received 13 May 2021 | Revised 6 June 2021 | Accepted 8 August 2021


Introduction
Indonesia facing problems in the growing covid-19 being pandemic. Manufacturing, the industrial sector retail industry, tourism, hospitality, flight, and other with the impact. Economic impact pandemic virus covid-19 derived from more complex, changes give the effect of a great producer and consumer, in the material losses caused for businesses in several regions [9]. The people are very much determined by social background, culture, and religion. By the background Indonesians of social activities, culture, religious, and the interests of for the middle to lower, so handling such as the covid-19 PSBB, WFH, social distancing will experience difficulty in implementation by various community social activities in terms of religion, culture, etc [10].
Basically, the environment outside the public sees as a threat to health, while the environment around and in safe houses, while the hospital was the cure to isolate and covid-19 persons exposed to. Quite the contrary the public hall or the environment outside the no guaranteed safe from the spread of the virus [5]. Waning social interaction among others can be felt from activities carried out en masse in the regulation referring to public health minister 2020 9 number year on guidelines for large-scale social restrictions ( psbb ) in order to accelerate the handling covid-19 13 article [6].
Man as a social species is never out of forming their own environment. Of social and human architecture where a building is designed, consciously or unconsciously, affect the behavior patterns of the living human in the architecture and its environment. The architecture was built to meet the needs of the people. And vice versa, from architecture we brought human need just returned [11]. Life has a strategic role in the formation of character and personality as an effort to build the Indonesian individual in his totality, themselves independent, and productive and fulfill the needs of living quarters is basic needs to every single human being, who will continue to exist and develops in accordance with stages or human life cycle [12].
And for the formation of a supposed to some of the things that could not be, standardization because if in terms of the needs of each will have them, plus a distinction of character, to any human being from the house form and culture by Rapoport (1969) [4], At least there are five major aspects that can affect the formation of dwelling among others: Some basic need, Family, Position of women, The need for privacy, Social intercourse.
The inhabitants of the house behavior lived in a good urban area just because, rural areas and in a residential compound having the difference in the perception of building users [8], Housing is one form of a dwelling that links that are strongly with its community [1]. A neat thing to observed is on an estate built en masse by the developer that is generally used the cost efficiency as well as the procurement in the activities of the. This condition led the spending budget that is inefficient by the occupant and alteration of the function are not functionally, to cause the decreasing quality of the house and the environment [2]. The condition of the house on an estate for the same room on every house needs to adapt the owner with their real demand coupled with the condition of impromptu pandemic make the needs of space have increased in the house of the. Also besides, it cannot be denied the state or situation faced by every day different from before the onset of this pandemic. Everyone may have had some difficulties but there are administrative difficulty in can be different in each one.
Double workload experienced by adults while I was working in the house that was between work done at a house with homework itself, yes, down to obstacles such as economic hardship due to the project and income. Besides, students who use the method of long-distance learning will not fun for some of us because also restrict interaction directly with others. Adaptation on the current state such as can be had an impact on their mental health in the society such as anxiety excess (anxiety) or stress [3]. The activity of education that have been carried out directly in spatial class replaced by learning online at the house based on circular letter kemdikbud no 4 the year 2020 on the implementation of the education in the hour of emergency coronavirus disease ( covid-19 ) education and culture ministry of the Republic of Indonesia, 2020 increases the burden of space on a dwelling house [7].
Though completely still at home to exact in the spread of, done preventive measures but some day-to-day activities outside the can are passed. When the exertion or activity requires to outdoors, certainly before entering house some a number of things to do, as: before entering into the and interacting with the family the condition in the state of clean hands, have washed bathroom, clothing and bring and do not touch objects potential animals transmitting the virus. If it felt difficult housing conditions in general in the first room in is a service area beneficiaries and not for washing the hands etc. Research to know who deserves to problems raised during this study, in general, will be outlined to the nucleus problems formulation study, the: 1. The problems faced by the community is facing the condition of pandemics, when my wife was in the behavior of the people as problems activities wfh (work from home), teaching and learning behavior in children school and entertainment activities without out of the house.
2. Limited knowledge of the community in developing businesses in order to maximize their potential during the quarantine. Where the increased availability of space on the occupancy of the houses that now it has not been preparing alternatives in case of pandemics.
In a situation of above, the question research, that can be said is to what extent: "community efforts in preparing the pandemic ahead in occupancy as needed?"

Methods
Methods used to research this is the method of descriptive qualitative. A method in investigating the status of a people, an object, a set of conditions, a system of thought, or an event. To make a description, a picture in systematic, factual, and accurate about the facts to phenomena is investigated. Research descriptive the problems qualitative studies in society, including about the relationship, activities, attitude, and the process of the ongoing and influence of a phenomenon.
As for the steps consisting of several kinds of data, namely:

Determining the location
The location of the research how housing in Medan City, because of the housing representing such type-type housing at some point of Medan City. The process will be explained in figure 1. Of location, research is in scope dwelling the lived at housing in Medan City, where this study behavior to users will review the room of a house and the conditioning space and behavior during the pandemic. Object spaces in the research are dwelling houses and activities that happened. Is type 3 dwelling in an area this residence, the housing is on the perfect the villa nusa sempurna.
The following are depictions of housing research pictures will be an object ( Figure 2).

Results
The study areas are a housing having 60 houses with 3 type different home, in determining the unit would check, data collection and the location to obtain the data-data house of types research object home in the neighborhood, as follows: 1. House is listed and inhabited for the housing. On the data obtained by survey the field  activities because the school from home would be different bags child at the primary school level, the primary school first secondary school, junior high school the high school senior high school, and a scholar.
From this, obtained data factors and classifications explained in table 1.       interesting design is a condition in the room not having circulating air and no vent to light, enclosed in by a kitchenette and bathroom so that space will have artificial illumination morning tonight. And the worse by the absence of this ventilation and the door is opened and there will be an exchange of air. as described in figure 10. companies at an object for behavior research before and after the pandemic.

Analysis the behavioral changes the inhabitants of the house
Behavior is as of the inhabitants of the house spaces and the productive activity work ( Monday s.d Thursday ) and the does not work ( Saturday and Sunday ), analysis 4 event was held in time.
Activities 1 described in the table 2 Watch tv/family gathering Cooking/washing dishes

Source: Analysis Result
When pandemic and activities psbb imposed happened very drastic shift inactivity, where there is the room does not function as it should and some which the activity of going in almost all the room of a house as you explained in table 3.

Discussion
From the analysis has done, researchers take some activity/activity the inhabitants of the house who attention, here, as a the: 1. The house is at 1 a common wall between the building owners, and hopefully, the contest between neighbors can be clearly heard and if any noises households an example of this was destructive acoustic comfort for another neighbor 2. Some are chosen to cover the front of the house from neighbors with a trellis on the side of the iron, right side, and sides left because they felt safe and protected. This condition is certainly was a disservice to maximize circulating air into the house and social activities certainly cannot be done undermine visual while in the backyard there is a service that can be used for the activity of drying clothes 4. In the living room, although activity during pandemics never used the room within for the compulsory like some community members that have become a culture in the way of a guest at a given moment as in celebration of the large and so on 5. Of the behavior and the event, researchers trying to hold the redesigning in occupancy this to apply remedies in the occupants and the elements thermal comfort to house more comfortable. The design described in figure 12. The type of information in floor-plain 70 after redesigning is as follows: A. The activity of drying in front of a house can still be done because the inhabitants of the house feel that the front of the house has maximum sunlight, and the service in the future B C A can also be used as an isolations entrance area, so before entering into space or privacy of public, dwellers to purify themselves and spreading viruses can be avoided.
B. The area the living room that is retained to the concept to the unique and does not deal directly with the living room.
C. There are some mini garden as area 3 bedroom so that circulating air will remain to receive circulating air and lighting The result of the new spaces as an alternative in designing dwelling with good air circulation illustrated in figure 3d here. Design explained that in figure 13. From the research, of behavior building users who love to dry the clothes in front of a house, so its design alternative is to put a service area in front of the house that can be functioned as a place of isolation before entering or went into the house of. The house space mud, design a park also placed in some parts of the house as an alternative to a sea of green as an absorbent of air pollution and created the area that pleasing by various plants. This alternative to the design of spaces remained the same as rooms on a design previously it is just that they are too adapted to the layout of residents of, where the living room since it is Indonesian culture receives guests at certain times such as a big day. The celebration of and other. In the hope of this design was becomes an alternative of design for the developers, a contractor and architects can build housing in the face of pandemics

Conclusions
Gave alternative some architectural design to minimize the spreading viruses and the room space as an alternative activity that is home design needs the implementation of a room like a study with good personal the back, room for activists sports, hobbies, and others. Besides design also the room for technology objects as smart, lighting the without touch, a tap without touch and others.
If a few mansions can be designed desire to have as easily use architect design, but not to the majority of the community they need for dwelling and the ownership very hard, on the status as homeownership the following recorded in Medan City 55,2 percent have their own house.
Therefore needs wherein the construction building front independent, which of a house to make energy own, water yourself can also use as work, having in the garden and plants to balance mental health. In the hope of this design becomes an alternative design for the developer, architect in a contractor, and to build a housing pandemic.