Possessive Expressions in Javanese

Abstract. This study aims to describe the characteristics of Possessive Construction in Javanese and relations of expressions between Possessor (PR) and Possessum (PS). The source of data are texts in Javanese from Djaka Lodang Magazine Volume XXII, XXIV, XXIX year 2017 and Panjebar Semangat Magazine Volume 29, 19, and 20 from May until July 2018 which contains Possessive Constructions in Javanese also informant who is a native speaker of Javanese. The data are analyzed using Simak Method, with base Sadap technic and advance Simak-Bebas libat cakap technic and Catat technic, meanwhile technic for analyzing the data used are Agih Method to determine the Possessive Construction dan Padan Method to determine the relation between PR and PM elements. Javanese Possessive Constructions marked with clitics -e or -ne as possessive marker. The results show Javanese Possessive Constructions meaning exists at polymorphemic level, phrase level, and clause level. On polymorphemic level, possessive meaning expressed by nouns followed by enclitics persona pronoun. On Phrase level, possessive meaning expressed by noun which followed by noun persona and noun followed by noun. Persona pronoun acts as PR. Noun which acts as PR are (Ilahi), animal, plants and (concrete) noun. On clause level possessive meaning expressed by verb which occupy predicate (P). Noun occupying subject in clause recognized as possession (PM). In Javanese, it is found Possessive Construction which sates the relationship of proprietary in the form of; Possessive Construction in which PM elements is non-humane noun and PR elements is humane noun or persona pronoun, PM element is humane noun and PR element is humane (self-name) or persona pronoun, and PM element is non-living noun and PR element also non-living noun.


Introduction
Possessive expressions are semantic symptoms that occur due to the relationship between two nouns that form FN and produce possessive meaning. The concept of possession in linguistics [1,2,3] can be simply defined as the relationship between two entities namely the possessor (owner / PR) and possessum, possessed or possesses (owned / PR). In Indonesian possessive construction can be found in FN construction, 'my book', 'our class', 'sister's hand', 'father's house' [4,5].
Possessive is an expression that has a variety of morphological and syntactic constructions in various languages [3]. Furthermore, Peters gives examples of possessive constructions in English as below.
Or in Javanese examples of possessive constructions like the following: is not just talking about two entities, but there are three components that must be explained in interpreting possessive relationships. The FN of my book, for example, must be explained with three components, namely the meaning of the book, my meaning, and the meaning of the relationship between the two. In other words, semantically, possessive meaning will include three components, namely owner's denotation, owned denotation, and possessive relationship between the two. Heine [7] describes seven types relating to the concept of ownership, namely (1)  In the view of Boneh and Ivy [10] variation of possessive meaning is associated with differences in structure. That is the same as possessive structure will determine its possessive meaning. In such a context, possessive structures with the central elements of the noun categorized words with human and non-human characteristics generally will result in the meaning of part-whole relationships. This kind of construct is used to express the family relationship (for human beings) as mentioned above and the relationship between the part and the whole that is characterized by non-nature, for example the building and its parts. can be filled with first, second, and third person pronouns, plural first person pronouns, persona kinship / self-names, and animate. Javanese possessive construction is characterized by the existence of clitic -e or -ne as possessive markers [11]. Example: (4) a. Bocah kuwi nganggo topi tentara 'The boy is wearing an army hat'.
'The boy is wearing an army-Poss hat, who was staying overnight yesterday'.
Sentence 4 (a), the phrase of army hat, is an identifiative nominal phrase, which means 'hat used specifically for soldiers', and cannot be a phrase of ownership. Sentence 4 (b), after the phrase army hat is given clitic -ne in the word 'hat' the meaning changes to 'hat belongs to the army'.
Discussion about possessive construction in Javanese has been carried out by several researchers, but only limited to syntactic construction and a little about semantics which states that the element of the owner (possessor / PR) in possessive construction of Javanese includes divine, animal, noun (concrete objects), and plants [12]. This study aims to look at various possessive constructions in Javanese and how the characteristics of the relationship between PR and PM in possessive constructions in Javanese.

Method
The methods used in this study include data collection, data analysis, and data analysis exposure.
Data sources are Javanese language texts from the magazines in Djaka Lodang magazine volume XXII, XXIV, XXIX in 2017 [13] and Panjebar Semangat volume 29, 19, 20 from May to July 2018 [14]. In addition to text, another data source is the informant by referring to the method, also based on the author's intuitive data which is a native speaker of Javanese. The data recorded is data relating to the possessive construction of the Javanese language.
In this study data collection process using the refer method by using the note-taking technique as a follow-up technique. The method of listening is done to observe the use of language. The term listening here is not only related to the use of language verbally, but also the use of written in terms of programming in accordance with the natural characteristics of the research data.

Results and Discussion
This study discusses two main problems, namely possessive construction in Javanese and the relationship between PM and PR in possessive construction of Javanese. Based on the results of data analysis obtained from various data sources as mentioned earlier, we found several results related to the subject matter above.

Construction of Javanese Possessive Expressions
In Javanese, possessive expression is characterized by affixes -ne in open syllables and -e in closed syllables, both in person nouns and nonpersons [11]. Javanese uses the -e / -ne affix as a constituent coupling with its attributes whose function is not as an ownership pronoun. But Sudaryanto [16] explained that possessive possessors in Javanese are three, namely clitics -ku,mu and -e / -ne . Clitic -ku is the first-person possessive marker, -mu as the second person possessive marker, and -e / -ne as the third person possessive marker.
In the plural form, kita persona is known as 'us', which is a combination of the first person and the second person. Javanese does not recognize other forms of plural than us, it is used in the form of phrases for other denominations. Like aku kabeh for the plural of the word 'we', and kowe kabeh for the plural of 'all of you / you'. Javanese does not recognize third (their) plural pronouns.
Aside from being a marker of belonging, it turns out that in Javanese language, clitic -e / -ne also states the meaning of 'certain' [17].
Like the data found in the Djaka Lodang magazine below: Based on the data obtained constructive structure in Javanese language, namely, (1) possessive structure at the polymorphemic level, (2) possessive construction at the phrase level, and (3) possessive construction at the level of the clause.

Construction of Javanese Possessive Expressions
The possessive construction in polymorphemic level consists of nouns, which states that the property belongs to (PM) and the pronominal persona enclitic as the owner (PR). Includes first, second, and third person pronouns. There is only one first personal pronoun in Javanese, namelyku, an example of this is:

Construction of Javanese Possessive Expressions
The possessive construction at the phrase level can only be used in middle speech or manners. In the ngoko range of languages, this possessive construction cannot be used, because in the ngoko range the possessive construction must be followed by the pronoun enclitics. Some data obtained came from short stories (short stories) that use middle language in conversations with respected people. Javanese language is one of the languages that use unduk usuk language (level of language) used to regulate language politeness. Possessive construction at the phrase level can be divided into two, namely (1)  But from the data (9), we get the phrase biyung sira 'your mother', which is known as a variety of ngoko, so for the word sira 'you', is one exception. Nowadays, the word sira is rarely used, except for written language, because in everyday language the word kowe is used. Second c. Ban (-e) mobil 'car tires' from the data above, the noun who acts as the owner who states the mandatory and certain part is located in front, precedes the noun as the owner. In the example above it also appears that the proprietary element which states a mandatory and certain part does not require the existence of clitics -e / -ne .

Construction of Javanese Possessive Expressions
A clause is a grammatical unit in the form of a group of words consisting of at least a subject and a predicate and has the potential to be a single sentence [17]. At the level of the clause, possessive meaning is expressed by verbs that occupy the predicate. Possessive verbs in Javanese include duwe, duweke, and nduweni. 'Labu air Poss. efficacy for cold medicine.'

Construction of Javanese Possessive Expressions
According to Storto [2] there are three components that must be explained in interpreting the possessive relationship in FN John's car, namely the meaning of John, the meaning of the car, and the meaning of the relationship between the two. The conclusion of these three components can be generalized as possessive construction. Based on the relationship between PM and PR found two types of relationships, namely family relations and property rights relationships.

Family Relations
Family relationships that arise from the relationship between PM and PR are marked with PM fillers in the noun category used for the designation of entities that have family relationships, such as children, wives, husbands. This relationship belongs to the lexical possessive category. In lexical possessiveness, the characteristics of PM filler elements determine the acceptability of the relationship between PM and PR [8].
Wife-Poss Hartono yesterday afternoon was visited by the police who would look for information.
Hortono's wife visited by the police yesterday who was going to look for information.
Husband-Poss Bu Zahra, Pak Riris, want to have a baby.

Child-Poss had left to Jakarta this
My son had left for Jakarta this morning.
Sisihan and anak nouns as PM filling elements are words used to refer to entities that have family relations with the PR element. The characteristics of the PR fill element will determine the PM fill element. If examined more closely, the three PM filler elements are different. Wife nouns, husbands are different from child nouns. In the context of Indonesian culture in general, the wife's nouns are among the PM elements that are exclusive because they only allow the presence of a single homework. That is, a wife can only be "owned" by one owner. This is different from a noun with a character that can be owned by more than one owner.
Unlike the characteristics of a wife, the husband's noun characteristic allows more than one owner to have. That is, in Indonesian society there is the fact that a husband is owned by more than one owner (wife), even though this fact is for some people undesirable. In other words, there are husbands who have more than one wife. Conversely, it never happens that a wife has more than one husband.
The possessive construction that expresses the family relationship above is an element of PR filling that will always be in the category of human nouns. Pronouns -ku or proper names used to refer to human entities, namely humans. The relationship between PM and PR above can be included in the inalienable possession category. That is, the PM element cannot be transferred to the others. In possessive studies, family relations such as the example above are categorized as permanent relationships, which do not allow between PR and PM to be separate or distracted. Such relationships are also used to describe the relationship between a person and body parts, for example tanganku is 'my hand'.

Family Relations
In Javanese, possessive construction is found which states the relationship of ownership in the form of (1) possessive construction in which the PM element is inanimate non-human nouns and the PR element is a human noun or pronominal persona, (2) the PM element is a noun in data (18) and (19) (22)) the word lawang omah although the marker -e / -ne was not found but it has already been shown that the word pager belongs to the word mesjid , and the word lawang belongs to the word omah.
The PM element is a pretty common noun owned by an individual. This property relationship can be known from the characteristics of PM elements. The PM element is an entity that is considered reasonable owned by people. Another feature is that the PM element is an alienable entity so that its possessive construction is called alienable possession. In the view of Gerner [18] such relationships are categorized as temporal property relationships. This means that the PM element can be transferred at any time because PR has broad access to the PM element.

Conclusions
The possessive meaning in Javanese is in the polymorphemic level, phrase level, and clause level. At the polymorphemic level, possessive meaning is expressed by nouns followed by In Javanese, possessive construction is found which states the relationship of ownership in the form of (1) possessive construction in which the PM element is an inanimate non-human noun and the PR element is a human noun or pronominal persona, (2) the PM element is an inanimate noun and the PR element is a human noun (personal name) or pronominal persona, and (3) PM elements are lifeless nouns and PR elements are also lifeless nouns.