Inventory of Mango Diversity (Mangifera L.) in Bengkulu Province

Mango (Mangifera L.) is a horticulture crop that grows in tropical regionthat has high diversity in Bengkulu Province. However, its diversity in this province has not been revealed, whereas on the other hand mango diversity is currently endangered due to the conversion of forests from natural habitat to plantation and industry. This study was aimed to determine the mango diversity in Bengkulu using morphological characters. All of the speciemens were collected from the field using exploration method that conducted from September 2016 to March 2017. A total of 17 individuals of mango were examined, and classified into seven mango species. The examination was conducted on the morphological characters, these characters were then scored and analyzed using NTSYSpc 2.02. The coefficient of similarity of 17 mango trees ranges from 0.45 to 0.80. Dendrogram showed that the clustering of mango was not based on the origin of the population but based on the morphological characters. The first group comprises six individuals and the second group consists of 11 individuals. Keyword: Mangifera L., mango, morphological, Bengkulu Province Received 1 November 2019 | Revised 20 December2019 | Accepted 22 January2020


Introduction
Indonesia is a tropical country with a high level of biodiversity, one of which is mango (Mangifera sp.). The Mangifera clan is known to originate from tropical regions around Asia which then spread and are cultivated almost all over the world. Mango is one of the horticulture plants whose fruit is excellent for consumption. Mango germplasm in Indonesia is quite large, and there are an estimated 292 mango cultivars in Indonesia. In 2004 the harvest area was 185,773 ha with a production of 1,437,665 tons. Sumatra Island has a high diversity of flora including the southern Sumatra region. These types of Mangifera have a unique ability to adapt to the tropics, such as being able to flower at high rainfall and have resistance to fruit loss. This causes Sumatra to be a potential source of Mangifera germplasm typical of tropical regions [1].
Mango germplasm in Indonesia is quite large and there are an estimated 292 mango cultivars in Indonesia. Mangoes have high diversity both morphologically, anatomically, physiologically, and genetically. This can be seen in terms of appearance or character of leaves, fruit, taste, color, and aroma. In addition, diversity can occur when flowering and fruiting. The use of morphological characters is the easiest way to determine the level of kinship between mangoes and is the most frequently used method in mango characterization [2]. Sumatra Island has a high diversity of flora including the southern Sumatra region. These types of Mangifera have a unique ability to adapt to the tropics, such as being able to flower at high rainfall and have resistance to fruit loss. This causes Sumatra to be a potential source of Mangifera germplasm typical of tropical regions [1] Species diversity and mango cultivars in Bengkulu province are threatened with extinction along with the decline in forest areas as their natural habitat caused by deforestation, habitat change, industrialization, expansion of oil palm plantations and so forth. The deforestation rate in Sumatra is 268,000 ha / year or 22.8% of the total deforestaion in Indonesia, estimated in less than a quarter of a century has lost tens to hundreds of wild mangoes that have not been explored and identified. Diversity studies (exploration, identification and characterization) in Bengkulu Province need to be carried out in order to minimize species depletion, especially Ssp Mangifera plants. which exists. Exploration is the activity of tracking or exploring, searching, collecting and researching the type of germplasm carried out to secure it from extinction [3].
This activity was carried out to save local cultivars and their close relatives who are still wild.
The initial approach in this activity is to inventory plants and followed by characterization of morphological and agronomic characters. Morphological characterization of mango plants is needed to identify the existing germplasm. Radford [4] states that morphological evidence is the basis in determining the characteristics, identification and kinship of a plant. Therefore the use of morphological characters is a fast, precise and easy way to see the diversity of mango plants (Mangifera sp.). Besides agronomic character is also important to be used to characterize cultivated plants. According to Sumantri [5], agronomy is the study of all biophysical aspects related to efforts to improve crop cultivation to obtain maximum production.

Materials and Methods
Sampling locations were carried out in Bengkulu Province using survey and observation methods. Morphological and agronomic observation data are presented in the form of scores and then used to create a genetic similarity matrix using the SIMQUAL (Similarity for Qualitative Data) procedure. Furthermore, this similarity matrix is used for Sequential Angglomerative, Hierarchical and Nested (SAHN) grouping clustering analysis using UPGMA (Unweighted Pair group method with arithmetic average) using a NTSYS-pc 2.02 computer program [6] and morphological character variability data analysis using using Pearson correlation in the Minitab 16.0 program.

Morphological Diversity of Mangoes (Mangifera) in Bengkulu Province
The genus Mangifer is a plant that grows wild in tropical rain forests and has been partly cultivated. Mango in Bengkulu Province is found in the yard of people's houses and plantations.

Table 1 . Samples of mango trees in Bengkulu Province
Mango trees that come from seeds generally grow upright, strong and tall while those that come from joints or patches are shorter and branches stretch. Mango trees are generally found in residents' homes. Mango trees that are found are straight trunked, without root boards and light brown to dark brown bark. Tree canopy forms were found from 7 types of mangoes, namely oblong (longitude) as many as 3 types namely M. foetida (     Mango seeds in Bengkulu have a high diversity seen from seed shape, seed length, seed width, seed weight, seed thickness, seed fiber content (Figure 5 and 6  The results of cluster analysis show the diversity of mangoes in Bengkulu Province amounted to 57-80% and formed 2 main groups but did not group by area of origin.

Akcnowledgment
The author would like to thank the Ministry of Research and Technology of the Higher Education which has funded this research in the 2016 Competency Grant program.