Type of helminth parasite in Snakehead fish (Channa striata) from Seuneubok Cina, Indra Makmur, Aceh Timur, Indonesia

Snakehead fish (Channa striata) is one of the freshwater fish in tropical regions such as Asia and Africa, and has high nutrition but is difficult to cultivate. In Indonesia, Snakehead fish are found in paddy fields, swamps and ditches, making them susceptible to parasites. Constraints in Snakehead fish cultivation are caused by the nature of the fish as a predatory, lack of the availability of food and environmental conditions that can affect the growth of the fish. The former paddy fields in Seuneubok Cina of Indra Makmur, Aceh Timur, Indonesia, is found many Snakehead fish. This research aims to determine the types of parasites that infect Snakehead fish. The Snakehead fish was taken using electrofishing gear with purposive sampling method, then dissected and identified the endoparasites which contained in the fish intestines. The research results found three genus of parasites: Pallisentis, Procamallanus and Camallanus.


Introduction
Fish in swamp waters can be grouped into two groups, white color fish (Whitefishes) and black color fish (Blackfishes).One example of swamp fish is Snakehead fish.Snakehead fish is one of the endemic swamp fish species whose presence is decreasing.Snakehead fish (Channa striata) is a swamp fish that has not been widely cultivated.Snakehead fish cultivating has not given a maximum result, because these fish are predatory, lack of suitable feed availablity and environmental conditions that must be in accordance with the growth of this fish.Snakehead fish is found in paddy fields or rainfed (Amilhat, E. and Lorenzen, 2005), swamps and ditches.Such environmental conditions causing Snakehead fish to be susceptible to ectoparasites such as Argulus nobilis as the main species of ectoparasites in channa striata fish (Rajiv, Ravi, and Zahaya.2011).and India (Bhattacharya, 2007).Snakehead fish are in great demand and consumed by humans as a source of protein, because the levels of protein found in the fish such as albumin and zinc are quite high (Mustafa, Widodo, and Kristianto, 2012 ).Albumin is useful for the formation of new cells and replacing damaged cells, so that in Indonesia this fish becomes the consumption of sick people to accelerate wound healing.Snakehead fish habitat is very influential on the growth of parasites so that it can reduce production and eventually cause losses.Parasites found in freshwater fish are trematode (monogenea and digenea), cestoda, nematode and acanthocephalans which complete their life cycle (Schmidt, 1990).In Singapore, Malacca and Seremban were found 16

Materials and Methods
Snakehead fish samples were taken from the swamps of the villager's paddy fields in the area of Seuneubuk Cina, Indra Makmur, Aceh Timur, Indonesia, the swamp area was around 20x15m, the bottom of the swamp was a mud with a depth of about 1.5m.The sampling of Snakehead fish (Channa striata) was carried out by purposive sampling method, that is by making a shock around the former paddy fields, using electrofishing equipment and fish affected by shocks will appear on the surface of the water, then put in a plastic bag filled with air, 1 plastic bag containing 4-5 fish and this sampling was carried out 4 days.

Examination of Parasitic Worms in the Fish Digestive Tract
Fish organs to be examined are the digestive tract (intestine).Examination of the organs in the fish's body is done by dissecting the body parts of the fish from the cloaca to the pectoral part, then the intestinal organs are removed from the fish's body and placed in a petri dish containing 0.85% NaCl then observed under a microscope.The examination of intestinal contents is by removing the intestinal contents by dissecting or cutting the intestines vertically.
Intestinal contents are taken little by little and placed on a glass of object, then dripped with 0.85% NaCl solution and then closed using a cover glass.Observations were made under a microscope and using a digital camera, then an examination of the intestinal wall was carried out after all the intestinal contents were removed, then a thinly sliced intestine with a length of 0.5 cm was placed in a petri and dripped with 0.85% NaCl solution and observed throughout the intestinal wall under a microscope.Parasitic identification was carried out using the Yamaguti (2063), and the terminology refers to Margolis et al. (1982).

Results and Discussion
The type of parasite in the digestive tract of Snakehead fish in the Seuneubok Cina, Indra Makmur, Aceh Timur, Indonesia obtained 3 parasite genus : a. Pallisentis Worms found in the digestive tract of Snakehead fish precisely in the contents of the intestine are Pallisentis those identified by the characteristics of the elongated body with a proboscis, the lines on the neck are clearly visible, proboscis and fibers in the proboscis are seen more than other parasites, and the body parts have horns, Pallisentis body is muttered and can be seen in  In India the parasitic acanthocephala type Pallisentis is reported to have 20 species (Bhattacharya, 2007).The Pallisentis genus is acanthocephala endoparasites that inhabit the intestinal wall (Gupta, Gupta, and Singhal, 2016) Ordinary Pallisentis characterized by proboscis hook size sub genetically divided into 19 species (Amin et al., 2000).

b. Procamallanus
Procamallanus those found based on dark brown characteristics, body covered with cuticles, digestive tract clearly visible (brown-black), female body size is smaller than male, in males longer than females and male tail tips are sharp mouthpieces and have oral cavity wide (Figure 2).

c. Camallanus
Camallanus found in the digestive tract organs of Snakehead fish (C.Striata) identified by the presence of cavity capsules covered with cuticles, the mouth is like a strong clamp that is surrounded by a horn, the digestive tract is clearly visible on the body part of dark brown and the muscle part is clearly visible, the body is muttered with a clear line and is brown.Female Camallanus has a conical tail without mucosa, not having a well developed vulva lips (Figure 3).

Conclusion
The type of parasitic worm found in the digestive tract of Snakehead fish (Channa striata) in the village of Seuneubok Cina, Indra Makmur, Aceh Timur, Indonesia, is from the Ecanthocephala class i.e. the Pallissentis whereas from the Nematode class there are two types of Procamallanus and Camallanus.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Camallanus which is found in the digestive tract of Snakehead fish in the Seuneubok Cina, Indra Makmur, Aceh Timur, Indpnesia in 0.85% NaCl (10x40 a. muscle b.intestinal part c. capsule cavity.