Analysis of elasticity of several kinds of eggs demand in North Tapanuli Regency

. This study aims to determine the effect of price level on egg demand and to analyze factors affecting egg demand price in North Tapanuli regency. In addition, this study also to investigate how big the elasticity of egg demand and to know marketing channel eggs in North Tapanuli Regency. This research use survey method with consumer respondent unit and egg consumer. The sample was obtained by accidental sampling method and obtained 48 traders and 90 consumers. Data analysis was done descriptively and statistically. The results showed that the ras chicken egg and buras chicken egg are elastic while the duck eggs are inelastic. The demand for ras chicken eggs is significantly influenced by the number of dependents and substitute goods (tofu). Demand for duck eggs and buras chicken eggs is significantly influenced by the number of dependents. The more the number of family dependents then the number of egg demand will be higher. Influence of a good from the price of other goods because each item has a mutual relationship replace the function of usability, and also complement each other.


Introdction
Increase in people's income and increase in population causes an increase in animal consumption of livestock. Efforts to increase human resources are not possible without adequate nutrition. One of the livestock products that have good nutritional value is eggs. According to survey and analysis of Staistics of North Tapanuli (2015), egg consumption in North Tapanuli is 3.68 kg / capita / year. Eggs are one of the animal food ingredients consumed in addition to meat, fish and milk as well as food ingredients that are very familiar with our daily lives. The nutritional content of eggs consist of: water 73,7%, Protein 12,9%, Fat 11,2% and Carbohydrate 0,9%. and the level of fat in egg whites is almost nonexistent. Sudaryani (2003) added that almost all the fat in eggs is found in egg yolks, reaching 32%, while in egg white the fat content is very small (Komala, 2008). North Tapanuli regency is one of the marketing activities of eggs, duck eggs, and eggs from outside Tapanuli Utara regency. Traders get eggs from outside the area because not many companies laying cattle as the center of egg producers in the district. Therefore, the price of eggs has increased and the price decline is not stable. According to data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics of North Tapanuli Regency, egg production in North Tapanuli increased from 2013 to 2015. The price of chicken eggs are relatively cheap, especially compared with the price of meat makes people tend to prefer chicken eggs as a fulfillment of protein consumption needs Normatively, egg demand is determined by the price of the egg, community income, the number of dependents, and the price of other goods. The general public tends to choose goods at a cheaper price to consume an item, including eggs, because eggs are relatively cheaper than other livestock products. Generally, if a price of goods rises then the demand for the goods will decrease or vice versa. This event is called elasticity. Price changes play an important role in determining the amount of demand for a good. This elasticity analysis can be used to estimate the changes that will occur in egg demand in the market. Research on the elatisitas price of eggs, duck eggs and chicken eggs in North Tapanuli regency is expected to be one of the foundations to determine policies in the livestock sub-sector for the provision of adequate food, evenly and in accordance with the nutritional needs of the population and affordable by the purchasing power of the community.

Materials and Methods
This research was conducted in several traditional markets in North Tapanuli District. The study was conducted in April 2017 -May 2017. The method used is survey method. Surveys are the primary data collection method by providing questions to individual respondents in the form of questionnaires (Erlina, 2011). The location of research is determined purposively in some traditional markets in North Tapanuli Regency. Traditional Market selected as research location is Tarutung Market, Siborong-borong Market, Sipahutar Market and Muara Market. The reason for choosing the research location is because the four markets have the largest market area (m2) among all traditional markets and have the largest number of traders among all traders located in the traditional market of Tapanuli Utara Regency.

Results and Discussion
The elasticity of demand is defined as a tool for measuring consumer responses to price changes. In this case, the elasticity of egg demand is seen from changes in the number of consumer demand due to the price of eggs that change every week.

Elasticity of Chicken Race Egg Demand
The value of egg demand elasticity of chicken eggs in North Tapanuli Regency is obtained as follows:

Elasticity of Domestic Chicken Egg Demand
The value of elasticity of duck egg demand in North Tapanuli Regency is as follows:

Factors Affecting Number of Chicken Rats Demand
To analyze the factors affecting the demand of eggs in North Tapanuli Regency is done by Ordinary LeastSquare (OLS) method using SPSS 16.00 program tool, from the processing the following results are obtained: Y = 14,982 + 2,225X1 -0,531X2 -0,465X3 -6,708 X4 Signifikan t = (0,002) (0,657) (0,751) (0,004) R 2 = 0,720 Signifikan F = 0,000 The above linear regression equation can be explained as follows: 1. The regression coefficient X1 (family dependent) is worth 2,225, it means each addition of dependent 1 person then it will cause the addition of the amount of egg demand as much as 2,225 ≈ 2 grains with assumption of other variable konstan. 2. The regression coefficient of X2 (income) is -0,531, meaning that any increase in income of Rp 1,000,000 will cause the decrease of the number of egg demand as much as 0,531, ≈ 0 point, assuming that other variable is constant. 3. The coefficient of regression X3 (egg price) is -0,465, meaning that every egg price increase of Rp 100 will cause the decrease of egg demand by 0,465 ≈ 0 grain, assuming other variable is constant. 4. Regression coefficient X4 (price of other commodities / tofu) is worth -6.708, it means that each increase of one unit know it will cause pennurunan amount of egg demand as much as 7 points with the assumption that other variables are constant. a. Coefficient of Determination (R2) Coefficient of determination (R2) function to see how far the ability of model in explain variation of dependent variable. Based on the results of the output shows that the value of determination coefficient (R2) of 0.720. This means that 72% independent variation of egg price, income, dependent, and price know able to explain variation of dependent variable of egg demand, while the rest equal to 28% can be explained by variation of other independent variable not included in model. b. Variable Significance Test Simultaneously (Test F) The statistical test F basically shows whether all the independent variables included in the model as a whole have an influence on the dependent variable. From the regression results obtained value of significance F is 0,000 (≤ 0.05) using 95% level (α = 5%) it can be concluded that the independent variables of egg prices, income, dependents, and know simultaneously significantly affect the number of egg demand . c. Individual Parameter Significance Test (t-Test) This test is done to know the significance of independent variables individually to the dependent variable. The hypothesis on t test is as follows: H0: β1 = 0 (No Effect) H1: β1 ≠ 0 (Influence) Criteria for decision making as follows: If probability> 0.05, then H0 is accepted and H1 is rejected If probability <0.05, then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted Based on the regression results obtained probability value of each variable independent, namely: a. The number of dependents (X1): 0.002 <0.05 then H1 accepted, meaning that the amount of coverage has an effect on the actual number of egg demand. b. Revenue (X2): 0.657> 0.05 then H0 is accepted, meaning the opinion does not significantly affect the number of egg demand. c. Egg price (X3): 0.751> 0.05 then H0 is accepted, meaning the price of egg has no significant effect on the amount of egg demand. d. Price know (X4): 0,004 <0,05 then H1 is accepted, meaning that price know have real effect to egg demand amount.

Classic assumption test
The result of various assumption test in this research is as following: a. Normality Normality test can be seen in various ways, that is based on graphhistogram and graph of Normal P-P Plot. Based on the histogram graph in pad 2 can be seen that the data distribution is normal. Based on the graph of the Normal P-P Plot it appears that the data spreads around the diagonal line and follows the direction of the diagonal line, so it is said that the data is distributed normally. b. Multicolinearity The multicollinearity test can be seen based on the VIF value and the tolerance value. If VIF value <10, and tolerance value> 0.1 then there is no multicollinearity. Based on regression result in appendix 2, VIF values of all variables <10 and tolerance value> 0,1 can be concluded that the linear model is free from multicollinearity. c. Heteroscedasticity Based on SPSS output results we can see that the scatterplot chart does not form a pattern and spread so in this study data does not occur heteroskedastisitas. Factors Affecting Number of Duck Egg Demand To analyze the factors affecting the demand of eggs in North Tapanuli Regency is done by Ordinary LeastSquare (OLS) method using SPSS 16.00 program tool, from the processing the following results are obtained: Y = -0,075+ 0,952X1 + 0,193X2+ 0,043X3 -0,446X4 Signifikan t = (0,000) (0,390) (0,918) (0,195) R 2 = 0,816 Signifikan F = 0,000 The above linear regression equation can be explained as follows: a. Normality Normality test can be seen in various ways, that is based on graphhistogram and graph of Normal P-P Plot. Based on the histogram graph in pad 2 can be seen that the data distribution is normal. Based on the graph of the Normal P-P Plot it appears that the data spreads around the diagonal line and follows the direction of the diagonal line, so it is said that the data is distributed normally. b. Multicolinearity The multicollinearity test can be seen based on the VIF value and the tolerance value. If VIF value <10, and tolerance value> 0.1 then there is no multicollinearity. Based on regression result in appendix 2, VIF values of all variables <10 and tolerance value> 0,1 can be concluded that the linear model is free from multicollinearity. c. Heteroscedasticity Based on SPSS output results we can see that the scatterplot chart does not form a pattern and spread so in this study data does not occur heteroskedastisitas Factors Affecting Total Demand of Chicken Buras To analyze the factors influencing the number of egg demand in North Tapanuli Regency is done by Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method using SPSS 16.00 program, from the processing the following results are obtained: Y = 13,391 + 1,137X1 -0,111X2 -0,442X3 -1,058X4 Signifikan t = (0,000) (0,802) (0,421) (0,066) R2 = 0,757 Signifikan F = 0,000