Response Growth and Development of Gambas Plant ( Luffa acutangula L.Roxb) to Application of Manure and Trichoderma koningii

Luffa acutangula a plant that has several advantages. It contains protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber and sugar which make it beneficial for people who consume it. In order to increase growth and production, fertilizer plays an important role in supplying the minerals or nutrients needed by plants. Manure, which is a mixture of solid dung, urine, and (plant) food waste, plays a very important role as a food source for soil organisms. Due to the various benefits and high economic value of the gambas plant, numerous efforts have been made to increase productivity and suppress the growth of pathogens that can interfere with gambas growth, one of which is the use of biological agents. The biological agents commonly used are from the fungi group. Trichoderma harzianum is one type of fungi that can be used as a biological agent. This study used a factorial group design consisting of two factors, with a 4x3 factorial pattern and 3 replications. The factors studied included types of manure and doses of Trichoderma fertilizer, which consisted of 12 levels, namely K0 = control (without fertilizer), K1 = Goat Manure (2kg/plot), K2 = Chicken Manure (2 Kg/plot), K3 = Cow Manure (2 Kg/plot), while the Trichoderma Fertilizer Factor (M) consisted of 3 levels, namely M0 = Control, M1 = Trichoderma (5 grams/plant, M2 = Trichoderma (10 g/tan). The results showed that the application of manure and Trichoderma koningii fertilizer had a significant effect on plant height, number of leaves and fruit weight of the sample/plot, which indicates that the application of both types of fertilizers can increase the content of organic matter in the soil.


INTRODUCTION
Luffa acutangula is a plant that has numerous advantages. It thrives in lowland up to an altitude of 1,000 mdpl. One of the advantages of the gambas plant is that it can be cultivated in both lowland and highland areas. This is supported further by its nutritional content. The gambas plant contains protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber, and sugar, which make the plant beneficial for people who consume it ( Sunarjono, 2010).
Fertilizer plays an important role in increasing growth and production, by supplying the necessary minerals or nutrients for the plant. Manure plays a vital role as a food source for soil organisms, by increasing the number of soil organisms which in turn makes the soil more fertile and increases plant production (Sukamto, 2007).
Manure is a mixture of solid dung, urine, and food waste (from plants). Manure has several advantages compared with inorganic fertilizer, including the ability to: (1) improve soil texture and structure, (2) supply nutrients, (3) increase humus and organic matter content, (4) improve the life of microorganisms in the soil. In addition, the nitrogen contained in the manure is released slowly which is highly beneficial for plant growth (Samadi, 2005).
Due to the various benefits and high economic value of the gambas plant, numerous efforts have been made to increase productivity and suppress the growth of pathogens that can interfere with gambas growth, one of which is the use of biological agents. The biological agents commonly used are from the fungi group. Trichoderma harzianum is one type of fungi that can be used as a biological agent. Trichoderma harzianum has been found to increase plant growth by 150-250%. Trichoderma harzianum can be applied, in either dry or wet form, to the seeds before planting. As a dressing for seeding, it can be mixed with liquid fertilizer, or combined with fertilizer or herbicide through the surface of irrigation channels or embedded into the soil in dry form. The application of Trichoderma harzianum has the ability to increase the number of roots and widen the leaves, and its use on diseased avocado plants was found to produce the growth of new leaf shoots after several weeks. Trichoderma sp. can produce lytic enzymes and antifungal antibiotics. In addition, Trichoderma sp. also has the ability to compete with pathogens and assist plant growth, as well as having a broad inhibition range that can inhibit various types of fungi. Trichoderma sp. produces metabolites such as citric acid, ethanol, and various enzymes such as urease, cellulase, glucanase, and chitinase. This metabolite yield is influenced by the nutritional content of the media (Suwahyono et al., 2001).
This research aims to discover the response of gambas plant growth and yield to the application of manure and Trichoderma organic fertilizer and the interactions between the two factors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research was conducted in the village of Armed in the district of Delitua. The research activities were carried out from August to October 2021.
The materials used in the research were Panah brand gambas seeds, goat, chicken, and cow manure, Trichoderma fertilizer, and Decis 25 EC and Furadan 3G pesticides.
The instruments used in the research included a hoe, rake, cleaver, hand sprayer, measuring tape, watering can, bucket, weighing scales, name pamphlets, writing tools, and so on.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the variance analysis showed that treatments of application of manure and Trichoderma fertilizer and their interactions had a significant effect on plant height at all ages of observation (7 DAP, 14 DAP, 21 DAP and 28 DAP).
In table 1 below, it can be seen that the application of manure that produced the tallest gambas plant height was treatment K3 (cow manure), namely 69.01 cm, compared with the three other treatments. The shortest plant height was seen with treatment KO (control), namely 48.75 cm. In the treatments with different doses of Trichoderma fertilizer, the tallest gambas plant height was achieved with treatment M2 (dose of Trichoderma 10 gr/plot), namely 78.99 cm, and the shortest plant height was found with treatment M0 (control/without fertilizer), namely 33.42 cm. In the interactions between the two treatments carried out in this research, the tallest gambas plant height was obtained with the treatment K3M2 (cow manure 2 kg/plot and Trichoderma fertilizer dose 10 gr/plot), namely 93.75 cm, and the shortest gambas plant height was found with the treatment K0M0 (without fertilizer), namely 28.59 cm. According to Syarif, 1986, Manure containing macro and micro elements can be considered as complete fertilizer. Manure has several properties that are better than other natural fertilizers. Among other things is humus that can maintain / maintain soil structure, as a source of nutrients N, P and K which are very important for plant growth and development, increase water holding capacity and contain many microorganisms that can synthesize The results of the variance analysis showed that treatments of manure and Trichoderma fertilizer application, and their interactions, had a significant effect on the number of gambas plant leaves at all ages of observation.
In table 2 below, it can be seen that the application of manure produced the highest number of gambas plant leaves with treatment K3 (cow manure), namely 19.89 leaves, compared with the other three treatments. The lowest number of leaves was obtained with treatment K0 (control), namely 18 leaves. In the treatment with application of Trichoderma fertilizer doses, the number of leaves was highest with treatment M2 (Trichoderma dose of 10 gr/plot), namely 20.92 leaves, and lowest with treatment M0 (control/without fertilizer), namely 17.42 leaves. The interactions between the applications of the two treatments carried out in this research showed that the highest number of gambas plant leaves was achieved with treatment K3M2 (cow manure 2 kg/plot and a Trichoderma fertilizer dose of 10 gr/plot), namely 22.67 leaves, and the lowest number of leaves was obtained with treatment K0M0 (without fertilizer), namely 17 leaves.
Of the various types of manure tested, the best growth and yield of gambas was found in the type of manure derived from cow dung (K3). The increase in growth and yield of gambas due to the application of cow dung type of manure is thought to be because the application of cow manure provides a higher average soil organic-C content when compared to other types of manure. This is because cow manure is a cold fertilizer, which means that overhaul by soil microorganisms occurs slowly, less heat is formed so that nutrients are released gradually. In addition, according to Raihan and Nurtirtayani (2001), stated that the organic C-content of cow manure was initially higher than the others, it contains a lot of water, mucus and when exposed to air it becomes solid/crust so that air and water are difficult to enter. Thus, because it is difficult to mineralize, the C-organic content of the soil is higher when compared to other types of organic fertilizers.
The use of Trichoderma fertilizer in the study had a significant effect on all the parameters used. The dose of Trichoderma fertilizer 10 g/plot showed the highest amount (M2) on plant height, number of leaves, fruit length, number of fruits and fruit weight of gambas. The Trichoderma fertilizer used in this study is a biological fertilizer derived from the multiplication of the Trichoderma fungus which has been propagated so that it is obtained in a dry form (fertilizer) that can be applied to plants. Trichoderma fertilizer is a type of biological fertilizer which in addition to reducing pest and disease attacks can also be used as an addition to soil organic matter. According to Suwahyono et al, 2001 Trichoderma sp was able to increase 150-250% plant growth. Trichoderma sp can be applied in dry or wet form to the seeds before planting. For seeding as a dressing mixed with liquid fertilizer or can be mixed with fertilizer or herbicide through the surface of irrigation canals or planted in dry form to the ground, Trichoderma sp is able to increase the number of roots and leaves to be wider. Trichoderma sp can produce lytic enzymes and antifugal antibiotics. In addition, Trichoderma sp can also compete with pathogens and can help plant growth, and has a wide range of inhibition because it can inhibit various types of fungi.
Application of cow manure (K3) and Trichoderma fertilizer had a significant effect on fruit weight (grams) per sample of gambas plants (Table 3). The highest fruit weight of gambas plants was achieved with treatment K3M2 (1376.67 grams) and the lowest fruit weight was obtained with the control K0M0 (1050 grams). The application of cow manure (K3) showed the highest fruit weight, namely 1219.22 grams, while the lowest fruit weight was obtained with treatment K0 (without fertilizer), namely 1128.67 gram. The application of Trichoderma fertilizer showed the highest fruit weight of gambas plants with treatment M2 (Trichoderma dose of 10 gr/plot), namely 1326.67 grams, while the lowest fruit weight was seen with treatment M0 (control/without fertilizer), namely 1048.33 grams. According to Suwahyono et al, 2001, Trichoderma sp. has been found to increase plant growth by 150-250%. Trichoderma sp. can be applied in dry form or wet form to seeds before planting. As a dressing for seeding, it can be mixed with liquid fertilizer or combined with fertilizer or herbicides through the surface of irrigation channels, or embedded in dry form into the soil. The addition of Trichoderma sp. has the ability to increase the number of roots and widen the leaves. Trichoderma can produce lytic enzymes and antifungal antibiotics. In addition, Trichoderma can compete with pathogens and assist plant growth. It also has a broad range of inhibition as it can inhibit various kinds of function. From the various doses of manure tested, the best growth and yield of gambas was found at a dose of 2 Kg/tan (K3) of manure. According to Raihan and Nurtirtayani (2001) the application of manure into the soil can improve the physical condition of the soil to become looser, better aeration so that nutrient absorption is better. Furthermore, in this case Sukamto (2007) explained that manure has the ability to change various factors in the soil so that they become factors that ensure soil fertility. Average 1128.67c 1172.22b 1197.78b 1219.22a Note: The numbers followed by the same letter in the same column and row are not significantly different at a level of 5%

CONCLUSIONS
Application of manure had a significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, number of fruit, fruit length, and fruit weight.
The application of Trichoderma fertilizer in this research had a significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, fruit length, number of fruit, and fruit weight per sample.
The interactions between the applications of manure and T. koningii fertilizer had a highly significant effect on gambas plant yield, including fruit length, number of fruit, and fruit weight per sample.