Kinds and Functions of Maxim Politeness in The Kelly Clarkson Show

. This article aims to discuss the kinds and functions of some maxim of politeness which is used in The Kelly Clarkson Show. Two theories are used in doing this research , the first ist theory proposed by Leech Principles of Pragmatics (1983) and the second is a theory proposed by Searle Speech Event (1979). In doing this reseacrch the writer uses descriptive and qualitative by Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2004) to analyze the research. The source of data in this thesis taken from the YouTube videos The Kelly Clarckson Show. The data are the utterances of the host and the guests in the videos. The finding of this research shows that there are three kinds of the maxim which are used in these videos they are Approbation, Agreement, and Modesty Maxim. The most dominant maxim found is the Approbation maxim. Then, there were two kinds of functions of the maxim of politeness found in The Kelly Clarckson Show, they are convivial and collaborative.


Introduction
Language is foremost a means of communication, and communication almost always takes a place within some sort of social context.In doing communication, there always two or more participants, when the speaker is talking the hearer must be able to interpret the meaning of the speaker's utterance.But, sometimes, there is a differnce between what the speakers utter and what they mean, that is thereason why everyone should have the ability to interpret the meaning what the speaker's utterance.Therefore, there is a subject called pragmatics that covers and discuss this phenomenon.There are several discussions related to pragmatics, they are deixis, implicature, presupposition, speech act, politeness and conversation analysis.In this article the researcher focus on discussing the kinds and the function of the maxim of politeness in The Kelly Clarckson Show by applying the theory of politeness principles proposed by Leech (1983) it covers six maxims based on the politeness rincipless.They are Tact, Generosity, Modesty, Appprobation, Modesty, Aggrement and Shymphaty Maxim.The researcher chooses these videos because all the figures in videos are famous people and also while doing the converstion in that show the writer can find the data and they used maxim of politeness and it can be a good example and gives an impact to the society to immitate the politeness in daily conversation.Leech (1983) states that pragmatics is the study of meaning concerning speech situations.The subject of pragmatics is very familiar in linguistics today and some researchers are interested in doing research in this field.In this research the writer focuses on politeness.Leech in his book proposed six maxims, they are ; Tact Maxim is minimizing the cost to others ; Maximize benefit to others.Generosity Maxim is minimizing benefit to self: Maximize cost to self.This maxim is self-oriented while the tact maxim is directed to others.Approbation Maxim is Minimize dispraise of others ; Maximize praise of others.This maxim says avoid saying unpleasant things about others, like compliment "What a marvelous meal you cooked" is highly valued according to approbation maxim.Modesty Maxim is minimize praise of self ; maximize dispraise of self.
Agreemen maxim is minimize disagreement between self and other; maximize agreement between self and others.Symphaty maxim is minimize antiphaty between self and other ; maximize sympathy between self and other.According to oxford dictionary, the maxim is defined as a compact expression of a general truth or rule of conduct expressed in a sentence, while according to Longman dictionary of Contemporary English ; the maxim is a well-known phare or saying, especially one that gives a rule for sensible behaviour.Simply, the maxim is a phrase that expreses something that is usually true or that people think is a rule for sensible behaviour.Maxim can be found in conversation or speech.
Politeness is one of the major of pragmatic study it is also an important aspect of society.
Nowdays, politeness have become a popular topic to discuss with pragmatics researchers.
Politeness principles are used to analyze the conversation in daily life, such as conversations in movies, drama, and also talk show.Leech (1983) in his book said taht politeness ; minimizing impolite beliefs, and there is corresponding positive person or maximizing the expression of polite beliefs which is somewhat lee important.As Leech said (2004:89), to have communicztive concord, the speaker should pay attention to and consider the conformity between socialpurpose ( to maintain harmony) and illocutionary purpose should be following social purpose.Yule (1996)also said in his book pragmatics that politeness correlate to the degree of the relation of the speaker and the listener.The more we act politely our relation must be far close.On the contrary, the less we act politely the relation must be close.When the relation is not close, we can call someone by its title, degree, (Miss, Mr, Sir, Prof, etc.).The function of the maxim of politeness can be found by using Leech theory called speech events.Leech (2014)  a. Assertiveness, belong to the collaborative category since these locations tend to be neutral as regards politeness.
b. Directives, belong to the competitive category and compromise the category of locations in which neg-politeness is important.c.Commisions, being performed in the interests of someone other than the speaker and belong to the convivial category.d.Expressives, are intrinsically polite and and therefore belong to the convivial category.Certain expressive, however, may naturally be offensive and thus impolite (e.g.blaming and accusing).These belong to the conflictive category.e. Declarations, are institutional rather than personal actsand as such, scarcely be said to involve politeness.

Research Method
The witer applied descriprive qualitative approach to analyze the research.Qualitative procedures rely on text, Creswell (2009).The writer collected the data from the conversation in the talk show.This research used the techniques of searching, collecting, classifying, analyzing the data, and the drawing the conclusion.There are four types of data collection in qualitative research, namely observations, interviews, documents, and audio-visual materials (Creswell, 2009).Then, the writer chose one of them it is document.Then, in doing this research the writer analyzed the data based on an interactive model proposed by Miles, Huberman, and Saldana (2014) with three phases of data analysis consisting of data condenation, data display, and conclusion drawing.

Results and Discussions
After analyzing the conversation in this talk show, the writer found the data which contained the maxim of politeness and then the writer analyzed the function of each maxim in the videos.The result found by the writer based on analysis, there are three kinds of maxim and also there are two functions of the maxim of politeness in this video viewed Searle's concept (1979) and Leech (2014).

3.1.Approbation Maxim
1. Kelly: … I fell in love with him.This wonderful man… Nobody does that.The bold utterances above are included in the approbation maxim category.These utterances belong to Approbation Maxim because it is suitable with the theory proposed by Leech in his book that said approbation maxim is minimized dispraise of others; maximize praise of others.From the data, it is clear that Kelly maximizes praises to her guest by saying I fell in love with him.This wonderful man and to make it more obvious as praise she adds Nobody does that.
2. Kelly: … Dan, you've just made an impact on me and everyone here and everyone that's going to see this show.This utterance also belongs to the approbation maxim, as Leech said in his book approbation maxim is minimize the dispraise of others; maximizes the praise of others and the approbation maxim is also defined as giving a high value to other's quality.In this utterance, Kelly praises Dan for his quality to make an impact on other people.

Conclusions
There are three kinds of maxims of politeness found in the Kelly Clarckson Show.The most dominant utterances belong to Approbation Maxim.It means that the speaker praises the hearer, as Leech said Approbation Maxim is maximized paise to other : minimize dispraise to other.
Related to Searle's concept, the functions of politeness found in The Kelly Clarckson Show is convivial and collaborative, some of the utterances belong to Expression and Assertive.

3 . 6 .
Rosita: … I love it.I love the job.The sentence above belongs to Approve Maxim, and the function of maxim above is convivial it means that the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal.They are classified into expressive speech-event, namely praising.4.Kelly: That's an unreal story.… It's so beautiful.The bold sentences above belong to Approbation Maxim, and the function of that maxim is convivial it means that the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal.They are classified into the expressive speech -act, namely praising.5. Dan: She's such a hard worker,…The bold sentence above belongs to Approbation Maxim, and the function of that maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, it's also classified into expressive speech-act namely praising.Kelly: No boss sounds like that.That's amazing.The sentences belong to the Approbation maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, they are classified into expressive speech-act namely praising.7. Kelly: This is so cool… The bold sentence belongs to Approbation Maxim, and the function of that maxim is convivial it means that the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal.It's classified into the expressive speech -act, namely praising.8. Kelly:… crazy and awesome.... I love you.The sentences belong to the Approbation maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, they are classified into expressive speech-act namely praising.9. Kelly:… we love the little guy and gal, … He's so passionate.The sentences belong to the Approbation maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, they are classified into expressive speech-act namely praising.10.Dan: That is so great.The sentence belongs to the Approbation maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, it's classified into expressive speech-act namely praising.11.Dan: And he does the coolest workout, meditation health practice.It's so inspirational to the whole team.The sentences above belong to the Approbation maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, they are classified into expressive speech-act namely praising.12. Kelly: I love how casual you were about that.That's amazing.The sentences above belong to the Approbation maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, they are classified into expressive speech-act namely praising.20.Dr. Terrance: It's touching.The bold sentence above belongs to the Approbation maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, it's classified into expressive speech-act namely praising.21.Kelly: So the fact that you're taking the extra time and thought and putting your heart into that is cool.And I hope this is a domino effect for a bunch of teachers and principals and it's so cool.The bold sentences above belong to the Approbation maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, they are classified into expressive speech-act namely praising.22. Kelly: So this is incredible.The bold sentence above belongs to the Approbation maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, it's classified into expressive speech-act namely praising.23.Lily:… it is so great… The bold sentence above belongs to the Approbation maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, it's classified into expressive speech-act namely praising.24.Kelly: Wow, that's amazing.The bold sentence above belongs to the Approbation maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, it's classified into expressive speech-act namely praising.25.Kelly: Amazingly, you did that, but it might not have happened without you caring.The bold sentence above belongs to the Approbation maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, it's classified into expressive speech-act namely praising.26.Kelly: How proud would Brandon be with you?The bold sentence above belongs to the Approbation maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, it's classified into expressive speechact namely praising.27.Kelly: Your obsession is something that's helping millions of people.The bold sentence above belongs to the Approbation maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, it's classified into expressive speech-act namely praising.28.Man: Amazingly, you've reached 81 million dollarsThe bold sentence above belongs to the Approbation maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, it's classified into expressive speechact namely praising.29.Lily: You are fabulous.The bold sentence above belongs to the Approbation maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, it's classified into expressive speech-act namely praising.30.Lily: It was incredible.The bold sentence above belongs to the Approbation maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, it's classified into expressive speech-act namely praising.31.Kelly: It's an honor to meet you.You're changing lives and saving lives.The bold sentence above belongs to the Approbation maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, it's classified into expressive speech-act namely praising.32.Kelly: All right.Well, tell us about the work in your cool lab.The bold sentence above belongs to the Approbation maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, it's classified into expressive speech-act namely praising.33.Kelly: That's amazing, that's amazing.The bold sentences above belong to the Approbation maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, they are classified into expressive speech-act namely praising.34.Lily: Of course, I didn't do that.The bold sentences above belong to Modesty Maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides 73 with the social goal, they are classified into expressive speech-act namely selfdevaluation.35.Lily: But not by myself… The bold sentences above belong to Modesty Maxim, and the function of the maxim is convivial it means the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, they are classified into expressive speech-act namely self-devaluation.

3. 5 .Collaborative 1 .
Kelly: You're a man.Dr.Terrance: AbsolutelyThe bold sentence above belongs to Agreement Maxim, the function of the maxim is collaborative it means that the illocutionary goal indifferent to the social goal, it's classified into assertive speech-act namely agreeing.2. Kelly: Cause you cared enough tooDr.Terrance: Absolutely, …The first bold sentence above belongs to Agreement Maxim, the function of the maxim is collaborative it means that the illocutionary goal indifferent to the social goal, it's classified into assertive speech-act namely agreeing.3. Dr. Terrance: Oh.The bold sentence above belongs to Agreement Maxim, the function of the maxim is collaborative it means that the illocutionary goal indifferent to the social goal, it's classified into assertive speech-act namely agreeing.
divided speech events by their illocutionary functions into four categories :

've just made an impact on me and everyone here and everyone that
These were revolutionary and they help 85% of all the women with breast cancer and we hadn't seen anything like this in 60 years.On the concept proposed by Leech the bold sentences above belong to Approbation Maxim, because the speaker praises the hearer as viewed from the definition of others and minimize dispraise to others.In this case, Lily as the host of the talk show responds to the hearer's experience with praises her. 10.Kelly: Amazingly, you did that, but it might not have happened without you caring.Related to the concept proposed by Leech the bold sentence above belongs to Approbation Maxim.Approbation Maxim is maximized praise to others and minimize the dispraise of others.In this case, the speaker praises the hearer because what she is doing is helpful.11.Kelly: How proud would Brandon be for you?According to the concept proposed by Leech the bold sentence above belongs to Approbation Maxim, because the speaker praises the hearer by asking her how proud would Brandon this case,Dan prefers to say something which pleased the hearer.Leech also said in his book Approbation Maxim is minimized dispraise of others; maximize dispraise of others.6.Julianne: They're the future dancers.The bold sentence also belongs to Approbation Maxim, because Julianne praises the dads and their daughter who are taking ballet together.She said they're the future dancers.It means that the speaker maximizes praise of others and minimizes dispraise to others.7.Lily:… it is so great… In this case, Lily said it is so great to be back at NBC.According to the concept proposed by Leech, it is so great belongs to Approbation Maxim.Approbation Maxim is maximized praise to others and minimizes dispraise to others.8.Lily: This incredibly successful businessman named Ronald Perlman, who owned Revlon.They were so empowered.But what they didn't realize was they were the ones that helped us raise, along with fairness as well.They are the ones that helped us raise this money for this targeted therapy.And these became FDA approved.beforyou?This question shows that the speaker sure that Brandon the hearer's husband will be very proud of her.12.Kelly: Your obsession is something that's helping millions of people.Your obsession is something that's helping millions of people, based on the concept proposed by Leech this one belongs to Approbation Maxim because Lily as the speaker praises her guest because she is helping so many people and it's just really amazing.13.Man: Amazingly, you've reached 81 million dollars.Based on the concept proposed by Leech this also belongs to Approbation Maxim, because of not only Kelly as the host of the talk show who proud of Lily but also another guest proud of her and praises her.14.Lily: You are fabulous.According to the concept proposed by Leech you are fabulous belongs to Approbation Maxim, because the speaker praises the hearer.In this case, Lily proud of Kelly and her praises her.This is related to the definition of Approbation Maxim is to maximize praise to others and minimizes the dispraise of others.15. .Lily: And all over the world danced.It was incredible.It was incredible, based on the concept proposed by Leech this utterance belongs to Approbation Maxim 's going to see this show.The bold sentence above belongs to Approbation Maxim, and the function of the maxim of politeness above is convivial.Convivial means that the illocutionary goal coincides with the social goal, based on Searle's concept (1979) it is classified as expressive speech-event the sentence is praising.