Nominalization in Priyanka Chopra’s Selected Speeches

. This study aims to find out types of nominalization used in Priyanka Chopra’s selected speeches and the realizations. The selected speeches were taken from written sources and videos on the internet consisting of three speeches. This research used a descriptive qualitative method by applying theory of nominalization in Systemic Functional Linguistics by Quirk et al. The data collection techniques were conducted by applying a documentation method. The documents used to support this study were in the form of videos and transcriptions of the speeches on the internet. The results showed that not all the three types of nominalization were used in the three selected speeches. The nominalization with the gerundive noun type was used in all the three selected speeches. There were 6 gerundive nouns (14.6%) in the first speech, 7 gerundive nouns (25%) in the second speech, and 4 gerundive nouns (21%) in the third speech. The nominalization with verbal noun type was only used 1 (2.4%) among the three selected speeches which was in the first speech. Meanwhile, the deverbal noun type was used most in all the three selected speeches. There were 34 deverbal nouns (83%) in the first speech, 21 deverbal nouns (75%) in the second speech, and 15 deverbal nouns (79%) in the third speech. The nominalizations were realized by suffixations and conversions. The nominalizations were formed in the presence of the suffixes –dom, -er, –ing, -ion, -ity, -ment, and -or . Also, they were formed by conversion, such as the nouns care , cause , experience , and waste .


Introduction
Speech is a formal address or discourse delivered to an audience. It is utterance with a good order to convey to the audience. A speech should give a positive impression on the people who hear the speech. Speech is a kind of spoken language that is using words or language effectively; skill in choosing words which can affect the listener, the person who does speech is always related with the crowds, which can be delivered on podium or not (Syam, 2004:7).

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To make the speech interesting and persuading the audience easily, the speaker has to say anything in convincing words, especially the subjects and the objects in the speech. In doing it, the speaker has to be able to order the subjects and the objects in the form of nominalization.
Nominalization will make what the speaker intends to tell easy and effective to be conveyed and perceived. Halliday (2000) believes that nominalization is a process in which any elements or group of elements are made to function as a norminal group in the clause. Nominalization is the change from the verbs and adjectives to nouns. Nominalisation is an aspect of complexity in written language (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004). It interprets or reconstructs "the world as a place where things relate to other things" (Halliday & Martin, 1993:220). In general, nominalization is the main resource that produces high lexical density, it has the features of solid information, concise expression, compact structure and strong logic. Hence, Nominalization is often found in academic, legal, political and business field. One of the most distinctive linguistic features of academic writing is the high frequency of nominal structures. Nominalisation can be used to give the writing or utterance a formal tone and make it more concise.
Nominalizations are frequently used in comparatively formal discourses and possess powerful functions, such as increasing the formality, decreasing subjectivity and promoting coherence (Chomsky, 1970).
Within the Systemic Functional Linguistics framework, Halliday (1994) asserts that to nominalize is to make processes, relationships or qualities into things (nouns). Also, Quirk et al.
in Taher (2015) define nominalization as a noun phrase which has a systematic correspondence with a clause structure. The head of such a noun phrase is normally related morphologically to a verb or to an adjective. They mention three kinds of nominalization: gerund, verbal noun, and deverbal noun.
Gerund or gerundive noun is a name given to the mixture of nominal and verbal characteristics in -ing form (Quirk et al. in Taher, 2015). Quirk et al. in Taher (2015) define the other kind of nominalization, verbal noun, as an abstract noncount noun of the kind that can be formed from verbs by adding -ing and inserting of before the noun phrase that corresponds to the subject if the object is not expressed. Meanwhile, the last kind of nominalization, deverbal noun, is noun derived from verbs, so it is fully nominalized as pure common nouns with no verbal features but it is related morphologically to verbs. It is derived from verbs either by conversion as attempt or suffixation as destruction.  In 2016, the government of India honored her with Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, and TIME magazine mentioned her as one of the "100 most influential people in the world".
The speeches were delivered by PC mostly contain complex clauses. It means that in one sentence there are many subordinate clauses. The researcher was curious whether in the complex clauses there are many nominalizations found or not in terms of their types and the realizations. The more nominalization found, the more effective the speeches are to deliver.
The research aims to find out types of nominalization and the realization in PC's selected speeches. In conducting the research, the researcher uses Quirk et al.'s theory since it analyses nominalization in detail in clauses. The theory divides nominalization into three types. They are gerund, verbal noun, and deverbal noun.

Research Method
This research applied a descriptive qualitative method using theory of nominalization by Quirk et al. in Taher (2015) in Systemic Functional Linguistics to analyze nominalization in speech. Conclusion. In Data Condensation, the researcher did selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data. In Data Display, the data were classified into nominalization types (gerund, verbal noun, and deverbal noun) in the table and the realizations of nominalization used in PC's selected speeches were shown. In Drawing and Verifying Conclusion, the researcher made conclusion after completely identifying types of nominalization and to find out the realization of nominalization used in PC's speech.

Result
It was found that there were sixty-one sentences in the first speech, twenty-seven sentences in the second speech, and thirty sentences in the third speech. From the data, the sentences in the three speeches mostly contain clauses complex. It means that in one sentence there are many subordinate clauses. However, there were only a few nominalizations in each sentence of the speeches. In detail, there were forty one nominalizations in the first speech, twenty-eight nominalizations in the second speech, and nineteen nominalizations in the third speech found.   6 (9) … but keeping our humanity is a choice. (Speech 3) The first three data examples with this type were found in the first speech. In [1] the phrase giving back is the nominalization with this type in the clause. It was found in the seventh sentence of the speech. The gerundive noun giving back acts as the subject of the clause. In the second example, the word reading is the nominalization in the clause. It was found in the thirtythird sentence of the speech. The gerundive noun reading acts as the object of the clause. There was also a gerundive noun acts as an object of a preposition of the clause as can been seen in [3] with the nominalization encouraging me which is a gerundive noun. It was found in the sixtieth sentence of the speech.
The next three data examples were found in the second speech. In [4] and [6] the phrases empowering these young girls and boys and dictating and teaching themselves are the nominalizations with this type in the clauses. They were found respectively in the eleventh and twenty-third sentences of the speech. The gerundive nouns act as the subject complements of the clauses. Meanwhile, in [5] the phrase telling them is the nominalization with this type in the clause. The gerundive noun telling them acts as the object of a preposition of the clause. It was found in the eleventh sentence of the speech.
The last three data examples were found in the third speech. In [7] the phrase doing what you're doing is the nominalization with this type in the clause. The gerundive noun doing what you're doing acts as the object of the clause. It was found in the second sentence of the speech. In [8] the phrase helping the world is the nominalization with this type in the clause. The gerundive noun helping the world acts as the object of a preposition of the clause. It was found in the twenty-third sentence of the speech. Meanwhile, the phrase keeping our humanity in the last data example is the nominalization with this type in the clause. The gerundive noun keeping our humanity acts as the subject of the clause. It was found in the twenty-fifth sentence of the speech.

Verbal Noun
There was only 1 nominalization with this type among the three speeches. It was found in the first speech with 2.4% of total nominalization found in the first speech. This type of nominalization can be seen below: (1) … it's the beginning of our future. (Speech 1) In the first speech which was the only one speech among the three speeches found verbal noun.
The phrase the beginning is the nominalization with this type in the clause. It was found in the fifty-first sentence of the speech. The verbal noun the beginning as can be seen below acts as the subject complement of the clause. It was modified by the noun phrase our future. This type of nominalization is easy to identify based on the characteristic. As can be seen it has -ing form followed by the preposition of.

Deverbal Noun
There  The next three data examples were found in the second speech. In [5] and [6] the word implementation and the phrase the information are the nominalizations with this type in the 8 clauses. They were found respectively in the seventeenth and seventy-sixth sentences of the speech. The deverbal nouns act as the subjects of the clauses. Meanwhile, in [4] the phrase her opinion is the nominalization with this type in the clause. The deverbal noun her opinion acts as the object of a preposition of the clause. It was found in the nineteenth sentence of the speech.
The last three data examples were found in the third speech. In [7] the phrase that exact experiences is the nominalization with this type in the clause. It was found in the seventh sentence of the speech. The deverbal noun that exact experiences acts as the object of a preposition of the clause. Meanwhile, in [8] and [9] the phrases the advancement and the exploitation are the nominalizations with this type in the clauses. They were found respectively in the tenth and twelfth sentences of the speech. The deverbal nouns the advancement and the exploitation act as the objects of a preposition of the clauses.

Gerund
Nominalizations with this type were in the form of verbal phrases acting as nouns. The gerundive nouns were subjects, subject complements, objects, and objects of a preposition. The nominalizations in this type were shown in the form of verb with -ing suffixes.
The realizations of nominalization with this type can be seen in the data examples and the explanations below: (1) … how giving back to those who were less fortunate … (Speech 1) (2) … I knew she loved reading. (Speech 1) (3) … all of you for encouraging me … (Speech 1) (4) so what has worked is empowering these young girls and boys … (Speech 2) (5) … by telling them that a real man is not violent … (Speech 2) The first three data examples with this type were found in the first speech. In [1] with gerundive noun type, the verbal phrase giving back acts as a noun. The nominalization is formed in the presence of the suffix -ing in the verb give. In [2] the word reading in the clause acts as a noun with gerundive noun type. The nominalization is formed in the presence of the suffix -ing in the verb read. Meanwhile, in [3] with gerundive noun type, the verbal phrase encouraging me acts as a noun. The nominalization is formed in the presence of the suffix -ing in the verb encourage.
The next three data examples were found in the second speech. In [4] the verbal phrase empowering these young girls and boys in the clause acts as a noun with gerundive noun type.
The nominalization is formed in the presence of the suffix -ing in the verb empower. In [5] the verbal phrase telling them in the clause acts as a noun with gerundive noun type. The nominalization is formed in the presence of the suffix -ing in the verb tell. Meanwhile, in [6] with gerundive noun type, the verbal phrases dictating and teaching themselves act as nouns.
The nominalizations are formed in the presence of the suffix -ing in the verbs dictate and teach.
The last three data examples were found in the third speech. In [7] with gerundive noun type,

Verbal Noun
There was only one nominalization found with this type. It was in the form of verbal phrase acting as a noun. The verbal noun was subject complements. The nominalizations in this type were shown in the form of verb with -ing suffix followed by preposition of.
The realizations of nominalization with this type can be seen in the data examples and the explanations below: (1) … it's the beginning of our future. (Speech 1) The data shown above was found in the first speech. In the data, with verbal noun type, the noun phrase the beginning is the nominalization in the clause. It is formed in the presence of the suffix -ing in the verb begin followed by preposition of.

Deverbal Noun
Nominalizations with this type were in the form of noun phrases acting as nouns. The deverbal nouns were subjects, subject complements, objects, and objects of a preposition. The nominalizations in this type were shown in the form of verb with suffixes, such as -er, -ion, and -ment, or without suffixes, such as the nouns cause, experience, and waste.
The realizations of nominalization with this type can be seen in the data examples and the explanations below: (1) My first experience of the glaring disparity between boys and girls … (Speech 1) The first three data examples with this type were found in the first speech. In [1] with deverbal noun type, the noun phrase My first experience acts as a noun. The nominalization is formed without the presence of suffixes in the verb experience. The noun is derived from the verb by conversion or without any suffixations. In [2] the word survivors in the clause acts as a noun with deverbal noun type. The nominalization is formed in the presence of the suffix -or and followed by suffix -s in the verb survive. Meanwhile, in [3] with deverbal noun type, the words entertainers and influencers act as nouns. The nominalizations are formed in the presence of the suffix -er and followed by suffix -s in the verbs entertain and influence.
The next three data examples were found in the second speech. In [4] the noun phrase our intention in the clause acts as a noun with deverbal noun type. The nominalization is formed in the presence of the suffix -ion in the verb intend. In [5] the noun phrase an opinion in the clause acts as a noun with deverbal noun type. The nominalization is formed in the presence of the suffix -ion in the verb opine. Meanwhile, in [6] with deverbal noun type, the noun phrase the information in the clause acts as a noun. The nominalization is formed in the presence of the suffix -ion in the verb inform.
The last three data examples were found in the third speech. In [7] with deverbal noun type, the noun phrase the advancement acts as a noun. The nominalization is formed in the presence of the suffix -ment in the verb advance. In [8] the word exploitation in the clause acts as a noun with gerundive noun type. The nominalization is formed in the presence of the suffix -ion in the verb exploit. Meanwhile, in [9] with deverbal noun type, the noun phrase My wish acts as a noun. The nominalization is formed without the presence of suffixes in the verb wish. The noun is derived from the verb by conversion or without any suffixations.

Conclusion
Based on the analysis of the research about nominalization used in PC's selected speeches, the researcher concludes that not all the three types of nominalization used in the three selected speeches. The nominalization with the gerundive noun type was used in all the three selected speeches. There were 6 gerundive nouns (14.6%) in the first speech, 7 gerundive nouns (25%) in the second speech, and 4 gerundive nouns (21%) in the third speech. The nominalization with verbal noun type was only used 1 (2.4%) among the three selected speeches which was in the first speech. Meanwhile, the deverbal noun type was used most in all the three selected speeches. There were 34 deverbal nouns (83%) in the first speech, 21 deverbal nouns (75%) in the second speech, and 15 deverbal nouns (79%) in the third speech.
The nominalizations were realized by suffixations and conversions. The nominalizations were formed in the presence of the suffixes -dom, -er, -ing, -ion, -ity, -ment, and -or. Also, they were formed by conversion, changing verbs into noun without any form changes or suffixes addition, such as the nouns care, cause, experience, and waste.