Language Choice in Bilingual School in SMP Hikmatul Fadhillah Medan

. This study analyzes language choice, the cause and effects of language choice by students in SMP Hikmatul Fadhillah Medan. The research method used is qualitative method by giving questionnaire to get the results of the analysis. Language choice that used in SMP Hikmatul Fadhillah Medan is English. The data identified according to the theory of Dell Hymes, SPEAKING: setting, participant, end, key, instrumentalities and norm of interaction is the cause that can influence the language choice for every person. Based on the data analysis by Ralph Fasold Theory: The effects of language choice iscaused by the occurrence of language, social, and cultural contacts. The effects of language choice is 58,6% for bilingual/multilingual, 20,7% for social contacts (communication & interaction), 13,8% for mix language and 6,9% for cultural contact (habit) . From the data 17 students choose bilingual/multilingual as the answer, 6 students choose social contact as the answer, 4 students choose mix language as the answer and 2 students choose cultural contact as the answer. The result taken from the 29 answered of the students in one class in grade VIII


Introduction
A Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates, Bloch and Trager [1]. When a study of language in which the linguistic factors are related to the factors beyond the language, such as language use that is done by its speakers in a certain speech community, it refers to sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics which is the society or group of people consist into language use and language choice.
Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society.
Although most of the world's population can speak only one language, a sizeable minority is able to communicate in two or more language. For example, that someone with reasonable fluency in several languages would nevertheless choose to speak his mother tongue wherever possible, that being the language with which he is most familiar and comfortable. This natural tendency would be constrained by only one factor that is linguistic congruity for example a native speaker of Hungarian, might prefer to use that language wherever possible, but if he should himself in an environment where there are no other Hungarian speakers in a foreign country, for example he would be obliged to use his second or third language.
The choice of language should be applied when we want to talk to each others, with our chosen language consciousness can speak more politely in conversation. What language we will use in community groups, or workplaces and schools. So the role of choice of language is important to know to send messages communication. In this research, the researcher discusses about The objectives of the research are to find language choices that used by bilingual students in SMP Hikmatul Fadhillah Medan, to find out the causes and the effects of language choice on bilingual students in SMP Hikmatul Fadhillah Medan.

Review of Literature
Recently, Sociolinguistic is a branch of linguistics that takes language as an object of study, in a way that is usually distinguished from how syntax, semantics, morphology and phonology handle it. According to Ronald Wardhaugh [2], sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationships between language and society with the goal of a better understanding of the structure of language and how language functions in communication. Sociolinguistics not only serves as a guide to the differences in the social classes of the speakers, but also as an indication of the language situation and reflects the goals, topics, rules of language use.
Sociolinguistics is the study of language that is concerned with society and culture, it is concerned with analysis of language choice, the causes and the effects of them

Language Choice
Language choice is a reflection of speakers' attitude toward a language. Language choice that use in SMP Hikmatul Fadhillah Medan is English and Bahasa Indonesia. As we know English is universal language, many country use English to speak. Aldosari [3], has claimed that English is learned by over 150 million children in primary or secondary schools, as a foreign language, as a compulsory or an optional language in most countries. Thus, the use of English across context has always been an appealing topic to observe. Lauder [4] has noted that based on its function for educational purposes, English is positioned in third place after Indonesian as the main language and the regional vernaculars.
Ralph Fasold [5], the language choice is not as simple as we imagine, choosing a language as a whole (whole language) in a communication event. We imagine someone who has two or more languages should choose which language he / she will use. For example, a person who mastered the English and Indonesian must choose one of the two languages when talking to others in communication events. So, language choice is "a whole language" in a communication. In terms of choosing this there are three types of options that can be done, namely, first with the transfer of code, that is, using one language on one purpose, and using another language on another purposes. Second by mixing the code, that is, using one particular language with interfered with fragments from other languages. Third, by choosing one variation of the same language.

Causes of Language Choices
Research shows that bilingual children are not simply inclined to speak one language over the other; they make a deliberate choice (Malave [6]; Parke & Drury [7]). Bilingual children are able to sort out languages in their mind, consciously choose to use one or the other (Parke & Drury [7]), and keep their languages in balance (de Houwer [8]; Meisel [9]).
It has also been said that they can choose their language according to the intended recipient for example they use English to speak to his/her friends or to speak to their teacher around the school. According to the setting or location, the students are able use English according to location like when the students are at school.
Dell Hymes [10], bilingual, multilingual, monolingual people may consider when choosing the code. These factors are formulated into an acronym, namely SPEAKING. It stands for setting and scene, participant, end, act sequence, key, instrumental, norm of interaction, genre. The setting and scene is the place, occasion, or natural situation that can influence the people in choosing the code. The participant is the people involved in the communication found in the setting. The end is the goal or purpose that a speaker wishes to reach. The act sequence refers to the order of a speech, a narrative, a conversation, or a talking. A formal speech for example is set carefully with an opening expression, followed with an introduction, a story, before entering the main topic. The sequence is then considered to be also an important factor to consider. The key is referred to the manner, spirit, and feeling of the message wished to be captured within the conversation. The instrumentalities are referred to the register and forms of the speech. The norm of interaction is the contextual custom in using the code, including for example allowance for an interruption, using gestures freely, addressing an audience, eye contacts, distance, asking questions about belief, etc. The genre is referred to the type of utterances whether it is in the form of a poem, a proverb, a prayer, a lecture, and etc.

Effects of Language Choice
According to Fasold [5], the effects of language choice is caused by the occurrence of language, social, and cultural contacts so that a growing group of people who speaks the ability to choose a language or language code in a particular event, either maintaining the first language or shifting the language to a new language or mixing the first language and new language. As do students from SMP Hikmatul Fadhillah Medan, they use English as a second language, where English is an international language.
This attitude gives the tendency of bilingual students in SMP Hikmatul Fadhillah to slowly lead to the use of English. Ideally, students of SMP Hikmatul Fadhillah will a little difficult to learn English because they usually using Indonesia language in their daily activity but in this case, they are beginning to shift to English. The cause may be due to the adaptation to the child's need for education, or job demands.

Research Method
This research is using qualitative because this research means to analyze characteristics of a phenomenon and collecting the facts and explain whole them accurately that is based on the problem which is solved and to collect data and do observation to get data that is accurate. the data were taken from 29 respondents in grade VIII. The data source in this study is the result of a questionnaire from the students in SMP Hikmatul Fadhillah Medan.
The researcher applied the procedures data suggested by Miles, Huberman and Saldana [12], data collection is divided into 4 types, those are observation, questionnaire, interview and study of document. In this thesis, the researcher will use one of 4 ways in collecting data; it is giving online questionnaire to the students. So, the researcher will get the result from the questionnaire that the writer do. Essentially, collecting data means putting the design for collecting information into operation, the first steps in collecting data by questionnare are Collate the data provided in the questionnaires, the online questionnaires are distributed to students in grade VIII in SMP Hikmatul Fadhillah Medan, the students are asked to answer the question, then the researcher can get the result from that questionnare.

Results and Discussion
The writer only chose one class in grade VIII. There are 29students in that class and the writer want to minimize the number of students. The writer has wanted to know the objective result from choosing those students by the explanation above, and she has though that 29 have been quite enough to be analyzed. For the data of respondents the language choice that uses everyday according to the questionnaire can be see in this table. Based on the surveys result, the language choice that must be used in SMP Hikmatul Fadhillah is 100% for English and 0% for Bahasa Indonesia. Table 1 is the language choice that use in SMP Hikmatul Fadhillah Medan is 100% English.
This is also relate with Dell Hymes theory, that is the setting and scene. The students in that school choose English because of the situation in the school and this refer to setting and scene. Based on the survey results, the language choice that used when speak to friends is 3,4% for Bahasa Indonesia and 96,6% for English. Table 2 also relate with Dell Hymes theory, that is the participant. The students use English to their friend when they are in the school. Based on the survey results, the cause of language choice (SPEAKING) is 100% student answers yes that the teacher's way makes them able to improve their English skills step by step and 0% answer no. Table 3 also relate with Dell Hymes theory, that is the end. Using English everyday in school makes them more fluent in using that language and they are able to improve their English skills.
This is the goal that the school wishes to reach. Based on the survey results, the cause of language choice (SPEAKING) is 79,3% students answer yes that the teacher will correct the pronunciation and grammar and 20,7% answer no. Table 4 also relate with Dell Hymes theory, that is the key. When in class the teacher will correct the grammar and pronunciation of the student when they speak. It is also referred to the manner of a speaker to get target for the listener understand what he/she talk about. Based on the survey results, the cause of language choice (SPEAKING)82,8% students answer yes that in the class they use formal language and 17,2% answer no that the students use non formal language. Table 5 also relate with Dell Hymes theory, that is the instrumentalities. It is referred to the register and forms of the speech. The forms that might be under consideration are whether it will be delivered in a more formal way or a casual friendly one. The teacher use formal language when he/she teaching in class.  Table 6 also relates with Dell Hymes theory, that is the norm of interaction. It is the habit in using the code when interacting, including for example using gestures freely, addressing an audience, eye contacts, distance, asking questions about belief, etcetera. The teacher use eye contacts, gesture and give a chance to ask when he/she teach in the class. students choose social contact as the answer, 4 students choose mix language as the answer and 2 students choose cultural contact as the answer. The result taken from the 29 answered of the students in one class in grade VIII SMP Hikmatul Fadhillah Medan.

Conclusion
Based on the data analysis which is presented in the previous chapter, the researcher draw conclusion as follows: