Hubungan Karakteristik Ibu Hamil dengan Kejadian Preeklampsia di Rumah Sakit Prof. Dr. Chairuddin Panusunan Lubis Universitas Sumatera Utara Tahun 2020-2024

Abstract

Background. Preeclampsia is one of the complications of pregnancy that is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in mothers and fetuses worldwide. Objective. To determine the relationship between the characteristics of pregnant women and the incidence of preeclampsia. Methods. This study was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design. Research data were obtained from medical records at Prof. dr. Chairuddin P. Lubis Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, INDONESIA. The total sample consisted of 142 patients, comprising 71 mothers with preeclampsia and 71 normal pregnant women. The data were selected using a combination of total sampling for mothers with preeclampsia and simple random sampling for normal pregnant women. The data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis with the Chi-square test using SPSS version 27 software. Results. The majority of patients in the preeclampsia group were in the low-risk age group (20–35 years) with 49 patients (34.50%), came from the Batak ethnic group with 34 patients (23.94%), were Muslim with 51 patients (35.92%), had a high level of education with 63 patients (44.37%), unemployed 44 patients (30.99%), nulliparous 30 patients (21.13%), gestational age ≥37 weeks 43 patients (30.28%), with the highest body mass index (BMI) in the obesity I category, 43 people (30.28%), 69 women (48.59%) did not experience multifetal pregnancy, 62 women (43.66%) had no history of preeclampsia, 35 women (24.65%) had a history of hypertension, and 64 women (45.07%) had no history of previous illness. Bivariate analysis showed that there was no significant relationship between age, education level, occupation, parity, gestational age, multifetal pregnancy, previous history of preeclampsia, and previous history of disease with the incidence of preeclampsia (p-value > 0.05). The results of the analysis showed a significant relationship between body mass index (BMI) and history of hypertension with the incidence of preeclampsia. The relationship between BMI was found to be significant in the normal category (p-value = 0.016) and overweight category (p-value = 0.035), while a history of hypertension showed a very significant relationship with a p-value < 0.001 in mothers with a history of hypertension and a p-value = 0.002 in mothers without a history of hypertension. Conclusion. The characteristics of pregnant women that are significantly associated with the occurrence of preeclampsia are body mass index (BMI) and a history of hypertension, while age, ethnicity, religion, education level, occupation, parity, gestational age, multifetal pregnancy, previous history of preeclampsia, and previous history of disease are not significantly associated with the occurrence of preeclampsia.

Keyword: Characteristics of Pregnant Women, Preeclampsia

Latar Belakang: Preeklampsia merupakan salah satu komplikasi kehamilan yang menjadi penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas ibu serta janin di seluruh dunia. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui hubungan karakteristik ibu hamil dengan kejadian preeklampsia. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain cross sectional. Data penelitian diperoleh dari rekam medis di Rumah Sakit Pendidikan Prof. dr. Chairuddin P. Lubis Universitas Sumatera Utara, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, INDONESIA periode 2020—2024. Total sampel sebanyak 142 pasien yang terdiri atas 71 ibu preeklampsia dan 71 ibu hamil normal. Data tersebut dipilih menggunakan metode kombinasi total sampling pada ibu preeklampsia pada dan simple random sampling ibu hamil normal. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis univariat dan analisis bivariat dengan uji Chi-square melalui software SPSS versi 27. Hasil: Mayoritas pasien pada kelompok ibu preeklampsia berada pada usia risiko rendah (20–35 tahun) sebanyak 49 pasien (34,50%), berasal dari suku Batak 34 pasien (23,94%), beragama Islam 51 pasien (35,92%), memiliki tingkat pendidikan tinggi 63 pasien (44,37%), tidak bekerja 44 pasien (30,99%), nulipara 30 pasien (21,13%), usia kehamilan ≥37 minggu 43 pasien (30,28%), dengan indeks massa tubuh (IMT) terbanyak pada kategori obesitas I sebanyak 43 pasien (30,28%), tidak mengalami kehamilan multifetal 69 pasien (48,59%), tidak memiliki riwayat preeklampsia sebelumnya 62 pasien (43,66%), memiliki riwayat hipertensi 35 pasien (24,65%), dan tidak memiliki riwayat penyakit terdahulu 64 pasien (45,07%). Analisis bivariat menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan signifikan antara usia, tingkat pendidikan, pekerjaan, paritas, usia kehamilan, kehamilan multifetal, riwayat preeklampsia sebelumnya, serta riwayat penyakit terdahulu dengan kejadian preeklampsia (p-value > 0.05). Adapun hasil analisis menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara indeks massa tubuh (IMT) dan riwayat hipertensi dengan kejadian preeklampsia. Hubungan IMT ditemukan signifikan pada kategori normal (p-value = 0.016) dan overweight (p-value = 0.035), sedangkan riwayat hipertensi menunjukkan hubungan yang sangat signifikan dengan nilai p-value < 0.001 pada ibu dengan riwayat hipertensi dan p-value = 0.002 pada ibu tanpa riwayat hipertensi. Kesimpulan: Karakteristik ibu hamil yang berhubungan secara bermakna dengan kejadian preeklampsia adalah indeks massa tubuh (IMT) dan riwayat hipertensi, sedangkan usia, suku, agama, tingkat pendidikan, pekerjaan, paritas, usia kehamilan, kehamilan multifetal, riwayat preeklampsia sebelumnya, dan riwayat penyakit terdahulu tidak memiliki hubungan yang signifikan terhadap kejadian preeklampsia.

Kata Kunci: Karakteristik Ibu Hamil, Preeklampsia