The  problem with stigma: identifying its impact on drug users and recommendation for interventions: Musuh dalam selimut: identifikasi dampak stigma bagi pengguna narkoba serta intervensi yang dibutuhkan

Rina Apriliani Sugiarti

doi:10.32734/psikologia.v18i2.11320

Authors

Rina Apriliani Sugiarti Badan Narkotika Nasional, Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32734/psikologia.v18i2.11320

Keywords:

stigma intervention, drug users, drug rehabilitation, stigma

Abstract

Treatment for substance use cannot separated from stigma problems. Stigma is prevalent and causes negative impacts on stigmatized groups and rehabilitation outcomes. This study aimed to identify the problem with stigma and find recommendations for intervention to reduce the stigma that has been tested for efficacy. The method used is a literature study using bibliographic annotation data analysis. The result of the study is that stigma is detrimental and occurs at an individual social and structural level that is found in policy, regulations, and health professional's and law enforcement's attitudes toward drug users.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahern, J., Stuber, J., & Galea, S. (2007). Stigma, discrimination and the health of illicit drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 88(2–3), 188–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.014

Ardani, I., & Handayani, S. (2017). Stigma terhadap Orang dengan HIV/AIDS (ODHA) sebagai Hambatan Pencarian Pengobatan: Studi Kasus pada Pecandu Narkoba Suntik di Jakarta. Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan, 45(2). https://doi.org/10.22435/bpk.v45i2.6042.81-88

Bahora, M., Hanafi, S., Chien, V. H., & Compton, M. T. (2008). Preliminary evidence of effects of crisis intervention team training on self-efficacy and social distance. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 35(3), 159–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-007-0153-8

Bielenberg, J., Swisher, G., Lembke, A., & Haug, N. A. (2021). A systematic review of stigma interventions for providers who treat patients with substance use disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 131(May), 108486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108486

BNN. (2021). Indonesia Drugs Report 2021. In Paper Knowledge . Toward a Media History of Documents (Vol. 5). Retrieved from https://ppid.bnn.go.id/konten/unggahan/2020/10/IDR-2021.pdf

Calluso, C. & Bilotta, E. (2023). The Impact of Stigma in Seeking Mental Healthcare: An Analysis of Stigma in Mental Healthcare Systems. 10.4018/978-1-6684-5049-9.ch003.

Crapanzano, K., Vath, R. J., & Fisher, D. (2014). Reducing stigma towards substance users through an educational intervention: Harder than it looks. Academic Psychiatry, 38(4), 420–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-014-0067-1

Corrigan, P. W., Kuwabara, S. A., & O’Shaughnessy, J. (2009). The public stigma of mental illness and drug addiction: Findings from a stratified random sample. Journal of Social Work, 9(2), 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017308101818

Corrigan, P. W., Markowitz, F. E., & Watson, A. C. (2004). Structural levels of mental illness stigma and discrimination. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(3), 481–491. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007096

Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). The paradox of self-stigma and mental illness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9(1), 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy/9.1.35

Fadholi, A., Surtikanthi, D., Fadholi, A., Surtikanthi, D., & Annisya, S. (2022). Jurnal Kajian Stratejik Ketahanan Nasional Pentingnya Dekriminalisasi Penyalah Guna Narkotika melalui Asesmen Terpadu dalam RUU Narkotika Pentingnya Dekriminalisasi Penyalah Guna Narkotika melalui Asesmen Terpadu dalam RUU Narkotika. 5(1).

Fitri, S., & Yusran, R. (2020). Implementasi Kebijakan Rehabilitasi Pengguna Narkoba pada Badan Narkotika Nasional Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Journal of Civic Education, 3(3), 231–242. https://doi.org/10.24036/jce.v3i3.400

Gunawan, G. (2016). Dekriminalisasi Pecandu Narkotika: Pergeseran Pendekatan Dan Implikasi Kebijakan Penanganan Pecandu Narkotika Di Indonesia. Sosio Informa, 2(3), 239–258. https://doi.org/10.33007/inf.v2i3.339

Han, L., & Jia, C. X. (2022). Treatments, Perceived Stigma, and Employment Outcomes among Substance Abusers in China. Healthcare (Switzerland), 10(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10010130

Hayes, S. C., Bissett, R., Roget, N., Padilla, M., Kohlenberg, B. S., Fisher, G., … Niccolls, R. (2004). The impact of acceptance and commitment training and multicultural training on the stigmatizing attitudes and professional burnout of substance abuse counselors. Behavior Therapy, 35(4), 821–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80022-4

Hubbard, R. L., Craddock, S. G., & Anderson, J. (2003). Overview of 5-year followup outcomes in the drug abuse treatment outcome studies (DATOS). Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 25(3), 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-5472(03)00130-2

Ismail, R., Syafdewiyani, & Yona, S. (2023). Pengaruh Pendidikan Kesehatan Tentang HIV di Sekolah dalam Eliminasi Stigma Pada Orang Dengan HIV/AIDS. The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 9(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.32667/ijid.v9i1.167

Izzulhaq, A. (2019). Stigmatisasi Pada Mantan Narapidana Penyalahgunaan Ganja Di Lingkungan Serang. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan FKIP, 2(1), 244–253. Retrieved from https://regional.kompas.com/read/2018/

Kelly JF, Dow SJ, Westerhoff C. (2010). Does our choice of substance-related terms influence perceptions of treatment need? An empirical investigation with two commonly used terms. J Drug Issues. 2010;40(4):805–18

Kelly, J. F., & Westerhoff, C. M. (2010). Does it matter how we refer to individuals with substance-related conditions? A randomized study of two commonly used terms. International Journal of Drug Policy, 21(3), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.10.010

Kennedy-Hendricks, A., Barry, C. L., Gollust, S. E., Ensminger, M. E., Chisolm, M. S., & McGinty, E. E. (2017). Social stigma toward persons with prescription opioid use disorder: Associations with public support for punitive and public health-oriented policies. Psychiatric Services, 68(5), 462–469. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201600056

Link, B. G., Struening, E. L., Neese-todd, S., Asmussen, S., & Phelan, J. C. (2002). On Describing and Seeking to Change the Experience of Stigma. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills, 6(2), 201–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/10973430208408433

Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(2001), 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363

Livingston, J. D., Milne, T., Fang, M. L., & Amari, E. (2012). The effectiveness of interventions for reducing stigma related to substance use disorders: A systematic review. Addiction, 107(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03601.x

Livingston, J. D., & Boyd, J. E. (2010). Correlates and consequences of internalized stigma for people living with mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 71(12), 2150–2161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.030

Luoma, J. B. (2010). Substance Use Stigma as a Barrier to Treatment and Recovery. Addiction Medicine, 1195–1215. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0338-9_59

Luoma, J. B., Kohlenberg, B. S., Hayes, S. C., Bunting, K., & Rye, A. K. (2008). Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes. Addiction Research and Theory, 16(2), 149–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350701850295

Maulida M. & Khairulyadi K. (2019). Relapse pada pecandu narkoba pasca rehabilitasi (studi kasus pada pecandu di Yakita Aceh). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FISIP Unsyiah Volume 4 Nomor 4, 1689–1699.

Maryani, I. (2021). Dekriminalisasi pengguna narkoba: Politik kriminal penanggulangan problematika overcapacity lembaga permasyarakatan di indonesia. Yustitia, 7(2), 159–172. https://doi.org/10.31943/yustitia.v7i2.141

Putri, A. D., Puspitasari P., & Utami, D. S. (2021). Pengaruh Stigmatisasi Pada Penyalah Guna Narkotika Berdasarkan Gender Terhadap Kecenderungan Penggunaan Berulang di Balai Rehabilitasi BNN. Jurnal Kajian Stratejik Ketahanan Nasional Volume 4 No 1, Article 2.

Read, J., Haslam, N., Sayce, L., & Davies, E. (2006). Prejudice and schizophrenia: A review of the “mental illness is an illness like any other” approach. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 114(5), 303–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00824.x

Schomerus, G., Lucht, M., Holzinger, A., Matschinger, H., Carta, M. G., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2011). The stigma of alcohol dependence compared with other mental disorders: A review of population studies. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 46(2), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agq089

Semple, S. J., Grant, I., & Patterson, T. L. (2005). Utilization of drug treatment programs by methamphetamine users: The role of social stigma. American Journal on Addictions, 14(4), 367–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550490591006924United Nations. (2021). World Drug Report: Executive Summary Policy Brief.

Sudirman, K. A., & Sulhin, I. (2019). Mekanisme Mengatasi Stigma di Kalangan Klien Pemasyarakatan (Studi Klien Narkoba di Balai Pemasyarakatan Kelas I Jakarta Selatan). Jurnal of Correctional Issues, 2(2), 53–75.

Trysal, M. (2022). Stigma Masyarakat terhadap Mantan Pengguna Narkoba di Kelurahan 24 Ilir Palembang. Jurnal Empirika, 6(2), 139. https://doi.org/10.47753/je.v6i2.110

United Nations. (2021). World Drug Report: Executive Summary Policy Brief. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/elainepofeldt/2017/10/17/are-we-ready-for-a-workforce-that-is-50-freelance/#59274c693f82

Van Boekel, L. C., Brouwers, E. P. M., Van Weeghel, J., & Garretsen, H. F. L. (2013). Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: Systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 131(1–3), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.02.018

Weiss, M. G., Ramakrishna, J., & Somma, D. (2006). Health-related stigma: Rethinking concepts and interventions. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 11(3), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548500600595053

Wilton, R., & DeVerteuil, G. (2006). Spaces of sobriety/sites of power: Examining social model alcohol recovery programs as therapeutic landscapes. Social Science and Medicine, 63(3), 649–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.01.022

Witte, T. H., Wright, A., & Stinson, E. A. (2019). Factors Influencing Stigma Toward Individuals Who Have Substance Use Disorders. Substance Use and Misuse, 54(7), 1115–1124. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2018.1560469

Yang, L. H., Wong, L. Y., Grivel, M. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2017). Stigma and substance use disorders: An international phenomenon. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 30(5), 378–388. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000351

Zwick, J., Appleseth, H., & Arndt, S. (2020). Launch of CEDAW General Recommendation No. 35 on gender-based violence against women, updating General Recommendation No. 19. Substance Abuse: Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 15(1), 1–4.