Biosynthesis and Characterization of Copper-Based Particles Using Green Betel Leaf (Piper betle L.) Aqueous Extract as a Bioreductant

Kurnia Ramadani Karim; Nur Indah Sari; Titik Andriani; Akira Syam

doi:10.32734/jcnar.v8i2.26971

Authors

Kurnia Ramadani Karim Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar, Makassar, 92113, Indonesia
Nur Indah Sari Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar, Makassar, 92113, Indonesia
Titik Andriani Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar, Makassar, 92113, Indonesia
Akira Syam Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, 90224, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32734/jcnar.v8i2.26971

Keywords:

Copper-Based Particles, Green Synthesis, Piper Betle L., Copper Nitrate, Bioreductant

Abstract

Green synthesis provides an alternative route for preparing copper-based materials using plant-derived reducing and stabilizing agents. This study evaluated copper-based particles obtained by reacting 0.1 M copper(II) nitrate trihydrate (Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O) with an aqueous extract of green betel leaves (Piper betle L.). The extract was screened for secondary metabolites and combined with the precursor at extract-to-copper-solution volume ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 at a fixed total volume of 50 mL, so that the extract fraction decreased from 50.0 to 16.7% (v/v) while the Cu²⁺ content increased from 2.50 to 4.17 mmol. After 24 h, the particle fraction was recovered by centrifugation, washed, redispersed in distilled water, and analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The dried product from the ratio showing the highest measured absorbance was characterized by SEM-EDX. The extract showed maximum absorption at 280.0 nm (absorbance 1.034) and tested positive for flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, saponins, and tannins. The 1:1 ratio gave the highest measured absorbance (3.390 at 207.0 nm); however, the differences among ratios were small (3.212–3.390), the band is not specific to copper, and no replicate data were available, so this value served only as a screening criterion. SEM revealed irregular surfaces and nonuniform spherical particle-like features with apparent sizes of 74.2–392 nm, indicating substantial agglomeration. EDX detected Cu (57.96 wt%), O (29.44 wt%), and C (12.59 wt%). The results support the formation of a copper-based particulate product, whose oxidation state and crystalline phase remain to be confirmed by XRD or XPS.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

[1] R. Sugiyarti, H. A. Wisnuwardhani, and B. Rusdi, "Kajian pustaka sintesis nanopartikel tembaga menggunakan ekstrak tanaman sebagai bioreduktor dan aplikasinya sebagai antibakteri," Prosiding Farmasi, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 809–815, 2021.

[2] M. B. Gawande, A. Goswami, F.-X. Felpin, T. Asefa, X. Huang, R. Silva, et al., "Cu and Cu-based nanoparticles: Synthesis and applications in catalysis," Chemical Reviews, vol. 116, no. 6, pp. 3722–3811, 2016, doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00482.

[3] S. Iravani, "Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants," Green Chemistry, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 2638–2650, 2011, doi: 10.1039/c1gc15386b.

[4] D. Letchumanan, S. P. M. Sok, S. Ibrahim, N. H. Nagoor, and N. M. Arshad, "Plant-based biosynthesis of copper/copper oxide nanoparticles: An update on their applications in biomedicine, mechanisms, and toxicity," Biomolecules, vol. 11, no. 4, Art. no. 564, 2021, doi: 10.3390/biom11040564.

[5] V. V. Makarov, A. J. Love, O. V. Sinitsyna, S. S. Makarova, I. V. Yaminsky, M. E. Taliansky, et al., "‘Green’ nanotechnologies: Synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants," Acta Naturae, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 35–44, 2014, doi: 10.32607/20758251-2014-6-1-35-44.

[6] N. Carolia and W. Noventi, "Potensi ekstrak daun sirih hijau (Piper betle L.) sebagai alternatif terapi Acne vulgaris," Majority, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 140–145, 2016.

[7] I. B. O. Suyasa, H. S. Bekti, L. P. Rinawati, L. P. Laksmi, P. D. Wahyuni, D. G. D. Agustini, et al., "Daya hambat ekstrak daun sirih dan daun legundi terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus," The Journal of Muhammadiyah Medical Laboratory Technologist, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 29–41, 2022, doi: 10.30651/jmlt.v5i1.11015.

[8] L. Praburaman, J.-S. Jang, G. Muthusamy, S. Arumugam, K. Manoharan, K.-M. Cho, et al., "Piper betle-mediated synthesis, characterization, antibacterial and rat splenocyte cytotoxic effects of copper oxide nanoparticles," Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1400–1405, 2016, doi: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1029630.

[9] S. D. Kasi, J. M. Ramasamy, D. Nagaraj, V. Santiyagu, and J. S. Ponraj, "Biogenic synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using leaf extracts of Cissus quadrangularis and Piper betle and its antibacterial effects," Micro & Nano Letters, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 419–424, 2021, doi: 10.1049/mna2.12066.

[10] A. M. E. Omran, H. A. Al-Aoh, K. Albalawi, F. M. Saleh, Y. F. Alanazi, H. S. Al-Shehri, et al., "Biomimetic synthesis of Piper betle decorated nano copper oxide: Investigations of their antioxidant, antibacterial and apoptotic efficacy," Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, vol. 77, Art. no. 103811, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103811.

[11] A. Ahmad, M. Khan, S. M. Osman, A. M. Haassan, M. H. Javed, A. Ahmad, et al., "Benign-by-design plant extract-mediated preparation of copper oxide nanoparticles for environmentally related applications," Environmental Research, vol. 247, Art. no. 118048, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.118048.

[12] R. Shanmuganathan, N. D. Nguyen, and M. M. Al-Ansari, "Synthesis of zero valent copper/iron nanoparticles using Piper betle leaves for the removal of pharmaceutical contaminant atorvastatin," Environmental Research, vol. 257, Art. no. 119334, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119334.

[13] S. Deora, A. Kumawat, M. Sahu, and M. Ganguly, "Copper-based nanoparticles-impregnated betel leaves for dye degradation and aluminium sensing: A circular economic approach," Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 455, Art. no. 129581, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2026.129581.

[14] R. Amjad, B. Mubeen, S. S. Ali, S. S. Imam, S. Alshehri, M. M. Ghoneim, et al., "Green synthesis and characterization of copper nanoparticles using Fortunella margarita leaves," Polymers, vol. 13, no. 24, Art. no. 4364, 2021, doi: 10.3390/polym13244364.

[15] S. Shankar and J.-W. Rhim, "Effect of copper salts and reducing agents on characteristics and antimicrobial activity of copper nanoparticles," Materials Letters, vol. 132, pp. 307–311, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2014.06.014.

[16] W. D. P. Rengga, W. P. Hapsari, and D. W. Ardianto, "Sintesis nanopartikel tembaga dari larutan CuNO3 menggunakan ekstrak bunga cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum)," Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia dan Lingkungan, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 15–21, 2017, doi: 10.23955/rkl.v12i1.5197.

[17] N. A. T. Nisa, D. E. Pratiwi, and Maryono, "Pengaruh penambahan poli vinil alkohol (PVA) terhadap karakteristik nanopartikel perak hasil sintesis menggunakan bioreduktor ekstrak daun kelor (Moringa oleifera)," Chemica: Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 173–183, 2020, doi: 10.35580/chemica.v21i2.17987.

[18] M. I. Mustamin, N. Rustam, and Kasman, "Analisis nilai absorbansi kadar flavonoid daun sirih merah (Piper crocatum) dan daun sirih hijau (Piper betle L.)," Gravitasi, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2016, doi: 10.22487/gravitasi.v15i1.7891.

[19] M. Mailuhu, M. Runtuwene, and H. Koleangan, "Skrining fitokimia dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak metanol kulit batang soyogik (Saurauia bracteosa DC)," Chemistry Progress, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2017, doi: 10.35799/cp.10.1.2017.27967.

[20] I. R. Fatimah, M. Bone, and Y. S. Sastyarina, "Uji aktivitas ekstrak alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica L.) sebagai peluruh kalsium batu ginjal secara in vitro," Proceeding of Mulawarman Pharmaceuticals Conferences, vol. 11, pp. 38–44, 2020.

[21] P. S. Manongko, M. S. Sangi, and L. I. Momuat, "Uji senyawa fitokimia dan aktivitas antioksidan tanaman patah tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli L.)," Jurnal MIPA, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 64–69, 2020, doi: 10.35799/jmuo.9.2.2020.28725.

[22] S. Alviani, Adelia, R. Fajri, Y. Amri, and U. Amna, "Skrining fitokimia ekstrak daun benalu kopi (Scurrula parasitica L.) dataran tinggi Gayo," Quimica: Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Terapan, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 9–14, 2022, doi: 10.33059/jq.v4i1.4360.

[23] Neldawati, Ratnawulan, and Gusnedi, "Analisis nilai absorbansi dalam penentuan kadar flavonoid untuk berbagai jenis daun tanaman obat," Pillar of Physics, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 76–83, 2013, doi: 10.24036/756171074.

[24] H. R. Aher, S. H. Han, A. S. Vikhe, and S. R. Kuchekar, "Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Syzygium cumin leaf extract, characterization and antimicrobial activity," Chemical Science Transactions, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2019, doi: 10.7598/cst2019.1552.

[25] Warni, R. Bemis, and D. R. Gusti, "Sintesis nanopartikel tembaga dari larutan CuSO4·5H2O dengan menggunakan ekstrak getah merkubung (Macaranga gigantea)," Periodic, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 8–13, 2022, doi: 10.24036/p.v11i3.120712.

[26] S. Amaliyah, D. P. Pangesti, M. Masruri, A. Sabarudin, and S. B. Sumitro, "Green synthesis and characterization of copper nanoparticles using Piper retrofractum Vahl extract as bioreductor and capping agent," Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 8, Art. no. e04636, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04636.

[27] H. A. Wisnuwardhani, A. Roosma, Y. Lukmayani, A. Arumsari, and Sukanta, "Optimasi kondisi sintesis nanopartikel tembaga menggunakan ekstrak biji melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.)," Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 353–360, 2019, doi: 10.36387/jiis.v4i2.343.

[28] A. I. Quilez-Molina, S. Barroso-Solares, V. Hurtado-Garcia, J. A. Heredia-Guerrero, M. L. Rodriguez-Mendez, M. A. Rodriguez-Perez, et al., "Encapsulation of copper nanoparticles in electrospun nanofibers for sustainable removal of pesticides," ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 15, no. 16, pp. 20385–20397, 2023, doi: 10.1021/acsami.3c00849.

[29] JEOL Ltd., "Coating, metal coating," JEOL Glossary of SEM Terms, Jun. 25, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.jeol.com/words/semterms/20240625.php [Accessed: Aug. 11, 2026].

[30] M. C. Biesinger, "Advanced analysis of copper X-ray photoelectron spectra," Surface and Interface Analysis, vol. 49, no. 13, pp. 1325–1334, 2017, doi: 10.1002/sia.6239.