Comparative Evaluation of Phenolics, Flavonoids, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell Leaves from Different Geographical Regions of India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32734/idjpcr.v8i02.22695Keywords:
Bacopa monnieri, Phenolic content, Flavonoids, Antioxidant activity, Antibacterial activity, Geographical variationAbstract
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell is a medicinal herb widely used in traditional medicine for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Variations in phytochemical composition and bioactivity due to geographical distribution may influence its therapeutic potential. This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the phenolic and flavonoid contents, in vitro antioxidant activity, and antibacterial potential of B. monnieri leaf extracts collected from different geographical regions of India. Leaf samples were collected from Delhi, Kerala, Bangalore, and Jammu. Qualitative phytochemical screening was performed, followed by quantitative estimation of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and ferric reducing power assays. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc comparison at p < 0.05. Leaf samples from Jammu showed the highest TPC (206.0 ± 1.01 µg/mL) and TFC (119.4 ± 0.81 µg/mL). The same samples exhibited superior antioxidant activity with DPPH radical scavenging (40.63 ± 0.35%) and the lowest IC₅₀ value (313 µg/mL). The highest zones of inhibition were recorded for Staphylococcus aureus with ethanolic extracts from Jammu and Kerala (18.0 ± 0.34 and 18.0 ± 0.42 mm, respectively). Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ethanolic extracts from Jammu showed a maximum inhibition zone of 15.0 ± 0.50 mm. Kerala ethanolic extracts exhibited notable activity against Escherichia coli (11.0 ± 0.43 mm). Chloroform extracts showed moderate antibacterial activity, while aqueous extracts were inactive. The findings demonstrate that geographical origin significantly influences the phenolic and flavonoid content as well as antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Bacopa monnieri leaves. Samples from the Jammu region exhibited superior free radical scavenging potential, while Jammu and Kerala samples showed enhanced antibacterial activity, highlighting the importance of geographical selection for optimizing the therapeutic potential of this medicinal plant.
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