Glucose to Complications: Understanding Secondary Effects in Diabetes Mellitus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32734/sumej.v7i2.15998Keywords:
diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, macrovascular, microvascular, secondary complicationsAbstract
Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, impacting millions globally. While glucose control is central to its management, understanding secondary complications is crucial for comprehensive care. Objective: This paper explores the intricate relationship "From Glucose to Complications" in DM, elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms and organ system involvement. Methods: This paper emphasizes preventive strategies and holistic management approaches to mitigate complications. Results: Microvascular complications encompass diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, each posing significant morbidity and mortality risks. Macrovascular complications, including atherosclerosis and stroke, contribute substantially to cardiovascular morbidity in diabetic individuals. Metabolic derangements such as dyslipidemia and obesity further exacerbate the risk profile. Endocrine disturbances, neurological sequelae, and cognitive impairments represent additional burdens in DM management. Conclusion: effective management of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and its associated complications necessitates a multifaceted approach encompassing glycemic control, lifestyle interventions, and pharmacological therapies.
Downloads
References
[1] Prabhakar PK, Doble M. Mechanism of action of natural products used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Chin J Integr Med. 2011;17:563-74.
[2] Cole JB, Florez JC. Genetics of diabetes mellitus and diabetes complications. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16(7):377-90.
[3] American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(Suppl 1):S81-90.
[4] Ta S. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(1):81-90.
[5] Yefet E, Bar L, Izhaki I, Iskander R, Massalha M, et al. Effects of probiotics on glycemic control and metabolic parameters in gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2023;15(7):1633.
[6] Kumar A, Gangwar R, Zargar A, Kumar R, Sharma A. Prevalence of diabetes in India: a review of IDF diabetes atlas 10th edition. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2024;20(1):105-14.
[7] Roden M, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. In: Holt RIG, Cockram CS, Flyvbjerg A, Goldstein BJ, editors. Textbook of Diabetes. 4th ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; p. 238-49.
[8] Zahedi M, Kordrostami S, Kalantarhormozi M, Bagheri M. A review of hyperglycemia in COVID-19. Cureus. 2023;15(4):e37002. doi:10.7759/cureus.37002.
[9] Machado RS, Mathias K, Joaquim L, de Quadros RW, Rezin GT. From diabetic hyperglycemia to cerebrovascular damage: a narrative review. Brain Res. 2023;148611.
[10] Raut SK, Khullar M. Oxidative stress in metabolic diseases: current scenario and therapeutic relevance. Mol Cell Biochem. 2023;478(1):185-96.
[11] Kim KW, Lee YS, Choi BR, Yoon D, Lee DY. Anti-neuroinflammatory effect of the ethanolic extract of black ginseng through TLR4-MyD88-regulated inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(20):15320.
[12] Sivakumar PM, Prabhawathi V, Zarrabi A, Akthar S, Prabhakar PK. Current trends in the therapeutic strategies for diabetes management. Curr Med Chem. 2021;28(23):4616-37.
[13] Prabhakar PK. Hypoglycemic potential of mushroom and their metabolites. In: Singh HB, Keswani C, Reddy MS, editors. New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Recent Advances in Application of Fungi and Fungal Metabolites. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2020. p. 197-210.
[14] Cheng HT, Xu X, Lim PS, Hung KY. Worldwide epidemiology of diabetes-related end-stage renal disease 2000–2015. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(1):89-97.
[15] Curtis TM, Gardiner TA, Stitt AW. Microvascular lesions of diabetic retinopathy: clues towards understanding pathogenesis. Eye. 2009;23(7):1496-508.
[16] Tan TE, Wong TY. Diabetic retinopathy: looking forward to 2030. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;13:1077669.
[17] Gomułka K, Ruta M. The role of inflammation and therapeutic concepts in diabetic retinopathy—a short review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(2):1024.
[18] Maurya VK, Kumar S, Singh M, Saxena V. Molecular docking and dynamic studies of novel phytoconstituents in an investigation of the potential inhibition of protein kinase C-beta II in diabetic neuropathy. J Mol Chem. 2023;3(2):589-89.
[19] Reisi A, Hashemi-Oskouei A, Ashtiani MN, Bahrpeyma F. Role of sensory feedback in postural control of the patients with diabetic neuropathy. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2023;1-7.
[20] Hu Q, Jiang L, Yan Q, Zeng J, Ma X, Zhao Y. A natural products solution to diabetic nephropathy therapy. Pharmacol Ther. 2023;241:108314.
[21] Naaman SC, Bakris GL. Diabetic nephropathy: update on pillars of therapy slowing progression. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(9):1574-86.
[22] Emanuele N, Reaven PD. Insulin treatment of diabetes mellitus: tight vs conventional control. In: Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2023. p. 969-87.
[23] Nadhiya J, Vijayalakshmi MK, Showbharnikhaa S. A brief review on diabetes mellitus. J Pharma Insights Res. 2024;2(1):117-21.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 P. K. Prabhakar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
