Modulation of broiler carcass cholesterol levels through Lactobacillus plantarum intervention
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32734/injar.v8i3.20284Keywords:
broiler carcass, cholesterol reduction, Lactobacillus plantarum, poultry meat quality, probiotic interventionAbstract
High cholesterol in poultry meat poses a serious public health concern, driving research on healthier animal products. Probiotics such as Lactobacillus plantarum have been investigated for their potential to reduce meat cholesterol through gut microbiota modulation. This study evaluated the effectiveness of L. plantarum derived from Dangke in lowering carcass cholesterol of broiler chickens. The intervention was conducted orally before feeding to ensure precise dosage intake. Four treatment groups were applied: P0 (control), P1 (10⁶ CFU/ml), P2 (10⁸ CFU/ml), and P3 (10¹⁰ CFU/ml). Results showed that P0 had the highest cholesterol level (0.069 mg/dL), while P2 recorded the lowest (0.061 mg/dL), indicating the most significant reduction. This effect is attributed to enhanced colonization of L. plantarum in the cecum, which modulates lipid metabolism and increases bile acid excretion. Beyond cholesterol reduction, broiler performance parameters such as feed conversion ratio (FCR) and body weight gain also improved in probiotic groups, especially at 10⁸ CFU/ml, supporting previous evidence on probiotic efficacy in poultry production. The findings highlight L. plantarum as a promising functional probiotic for reducing cholesterol while enhancing growth efficiency in broilers. From a practical standpoint, incorporation into drinking water may represent a more feasible application strategy, ensuring uniform distribution and easier adoption at the farm level. Future research should address optimal intervention strategies, the sustainability of effects on meat quality, and potential synergistic applications with other probiotics or prebiotics to further enhance poultry health and product safety.
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References
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[2] D. Milićević et al., “The role of total fats, saturated/unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol content in chicken meat as cardiovascular risk factors,” Lipids Health Dis., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 42, 2014, doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-13-42.
[3] E. H. Chandra, W. P. Lokapirnasari, S. Hidanah, M. A. Al-Arif, W. M. Yuniarti, and E. M. Luqman, “Probiotic Potential of lactic acid bacteria on feed efficiency, weight, and carcass percentage in ducks,” J. Med. Vet., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 69–73, 2022, doi: 10.20473/jmv.vol5.iss1.2022.69-73.
[4] X. Song, Y. Liu, X. Zhang, P. Weng, R. Zhang, and Z. Wu, “Role of intestinal probiotics in the modulation of lipid metabolism: implications for treatments,” Food Sci. Hum. Wellness, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 1439–1449, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.fshw.2023.02.005.
[5] J. Patterson and K. Burkholder, “Application of prebiotics and probiotics in poultry production,” Poult. Sci., vol. 82, no. 4, pp. 627–631, 2003, doi: 10.1093/ps/82.4.627.
[6] R. Widajati, A. Aryati, and H. Notopuro, “Pengaruh perbedaan konsentrasi Lactobacillus plantarum terhadap perubahan kadar kolesterol total pada tikus putih,” J. Manaj. Kesehat. Yayasan RSDr Soetomo, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 53, 2020, doi: 10.29241/jmk.v6i1.286.
[7] L. Guo et al., “Effect of bile salt hydrolase-active Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0344 on cholesterol metabolism in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet,” J. Funct. Foods, vol. 61, p. 103497, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103497.
[8] C. Li et al., “Cholesterol-lowering effect of Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 in a hyperlipidaemic rat model,” J. Funct. Foods, vol. 8, pp. 340–347, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.03.031.
[9] Y. Huang et al., “Lactobacillus plantarum strains as potential probiotic cultures with cholesterol-lowering activity,” J. Dairy Sci., vol. 96, no. 5, pp. 2746–2753, 2013, doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-6123.
[10] H. S. Lye, G. R. Rahmat-Ali, and M. T. Liong, “Mechanisms of cholesterol removal by lactobacilli under conditions that mimic the human gastrointestinal tract,” Int. Dairy J., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 169–175, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2009.10.003.
[11] Y. Wang and Q. Gu, “Effect of probiotic on growth performance and digestive enzyme activity of Arbor Acres broilers,” Res. Vet. Sci., vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 163–167, Oct. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.03.009.
[12] H. S. Al-Khalaifah, “Benefits of probiotics and/or prebiotics for antibiotic-reduced poultry,” Poult. Sci., vol. 100, no. 2, p. 1330, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.055.
[13] Y. Wang, J. Wang, and W. Dai, “Use of GFP to trace the colonization of Lactococcus lactis WH-C1 in the gastrointestinal tract of mice,” J. Microbiol. Methods, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 390–392, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.06.009.
[14] F. Nur, H. Hafsan, A. Wahdiniar, “Isolasi bakteri asam laktat berpotensi probiotik pada dangke, makanan tradisional dari susu kerbau di Curio Kabupaten Enrekang,” Biog. J. Ilm. Biol., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 60–65, 2015, doi: 10.24252/bio.v3i1.568.
[15] A. D. Andriani et al., “Efektifitas probiotik Lactobacillus casei dan Lactobacillus rhamnosus sebagai pengganti antibiotic growth promoter terhadap total kolesterol, low density lipoprotein dan high density lipoprotein ayam broiler,” J. Med. Vet., vol. 3, no. 1, p. 114, 2020, doi: 10.20473/jmv.vol3.iss1.2020.114-122.
[16] F. Zaefarian, M. R. Abdollahi, and V. Ravindran, “Particle size and feed form in broiler diets: impact on gastrointestinal tract development and gut health,” World’s Poult. Sci. J., vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 277–290, 2016, doi: 10.1017/s0043933916000222.
[17] P. Shokryazdan, M. Faseleh Jahromi, J. B. Liang, and Y. W. Ho, “Probiotics: From Isolation to Application,” J. Am. Coll. Nutr., vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 666–676, 2017, doi: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1337529.
[18] T. Rinttilä and J. Apajalahti, “Intestinal microbiota and metabolites—Implications for broiler chicken health and performance,” J. Appl. Poult. Res., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 647–658, 2013, doi: 10.3382/japr.2013-00742.
[19] GBIF Secretariat, Lactobacillus plantarum (Orla-Jensen, 1919) Bergey et al., 1923, in GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, Checklist dataset. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei.
[20] Y. Su, G. Chang, J. Liu, P. Huang, and J. Zeng, “Dietary sanguinarine supplementation improves the growth performance and intestinal immunity of broilers,” Anim. Nutr., vol. 19, pp. 76–89, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.05.009.
[21] W. Wang, K. Zhang, K. Zhang, R. Wu, Y. Tang, and Y. Li, “Gut microbiota promotes cholesterol gallstone formation through the gut-metabolism-gene axis,” Microb. Pathog., p. 107446, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107446.
[22] K. Leal, L. Truong, E. Maga, and A. King, “Lactobacillus (L. plantarum & L. rhamnosus) and Saccharomyces (S. cerevisiae): Effects on performance, biochemical parameters, ammonium ion in manure, and digestibility of broiler chickens,” Poult. Sci., vol. 102, no. 4, p. 102525, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102525.
[23] I. H. Choi, W. Y. Park, and Y. J. Kim, “Effects of dietary garlic powder and α-tocopherol supplementation on performance, serum cholesterol levels, and meat quality of chicken,” Poult. Sci., vol. 89, no. 8, pp. 1724–1731, 2010, doi: 10.3382/ps.2009-00052.
[24] E. Zanardi, E. Novelli, G. P. Ghiretti, and R. Chizzolini, “Oxidative stability of lipids and cholesterol in salame Milano, coppa and Parma ham: dietary supplementation with vitamin E and oleic acid,” Meat Sci., vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 169–175, 2000, doi: 10.1016/s0309-1740(99)00140-0.
[25] B. Wang et al., “Probiotic Paenibacillus polymyxa 10 and Lactobacillus plantarum 16 enhance growth performance of broilers by improving the intestinal health,” Anim. Nutr., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 829–840, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.03.008.
[26] S. Haase, N. Wilck, A. Haghikia, R. Gold, D. N. Mueller, and R. A. Linker, “The role of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in neuroinflammation,” Eur. J. Immunol., vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 1863–1870, 2020, doi: 10.1002/eji.201847807.
[27] A. Wahlstrom, “Crosstalk between bile acids and the gut microbiota - influence on host metabolism,” Endocr. Abstr., 2018, doi: 10.1530/endoabs.56.s3.1.
[28] G. Hou et al., “Lactobacillus delbrueckii Interfere with bile acid enterohepatic circulation to regulate cholesterol metabolism of growing–finishing pigs via its bile salt hydrolase activity,” Front. Nutr., vol. 7, 2020, doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.617676.
[29] H. Julendra, A. E. Suryani, L. Istiqomah, E. Damayanti, M. Anwar, and N. Fitriani, “Isolation of lactic acid bacteria with cholesterol-lowering activity from digestive tracts of indonesian native chickens,” Media Peternak., vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 35–41, 2017, doi: 10.5398/medpet.2017.40.1.35.
[30] A. Hameed et al., “Isolation and characterization of a cholesterol-lowering bacteria from Bubalus bubalis raw milk,” Fermentation, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 163, 2022, doi: 10.3390/fermentation8040163.
[31] R. Rinto, R. Dewanti, S. Yasni, and M. T. Suhartono, “Isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri asam laktat penghasil inhibitor enzim hmg-koa reduktase dari bekasam sebagai agen pereduksi kolesterol,” J. Agritech, vol. 35, no. 03, p. 309, 2015, doi: 10.22146/agritech.9342.
[32] J. K. Drackley, “Lipid metabolism.,” in Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutrition., EU: CABI, pp. 97–119. doi: 10.1079/9780851993782.0097.
[33] S. Shini and W. L. Bryden, “Probiotics and gut health: linking gut homeostasis and poultry productivity,” Anim. Prod. Sci., vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 1090–1112, 2021, doi: 10.1071/an20701.
[34] P. S. Lim, C. F. Loke, Y. W. Ho, and H. Y. Tan, “Cholesterol homeostasis associated with probiotic supplementation in vivo,” J. Appl. Microbiol., vol. 129, no. 5, pp. 1374–1388, 2020, doi: 10.1111/jam.14678.
[35] X. Li, Y. Liu, X. Guo, Y. Ma, H. Zhang, and H. Liang, “Effect of Lactobacillus casei on lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora in patients with alcoholic liver injury,” Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., vol. 75, no. 8, pp. 1227–1236, 2021, doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-00852-8.
[36] A. R. A. Al-Fataftah, S. M. Herzallah, K. Alshawabkeh, and S. A. Ibrahim, “Administration of lactic acid bacteria to enhance the synthesis of vitamin B12 and B6 and lower cholesterol levels in poultry meat,” J. Food Agric. Environ., no. 11, no. 2, pp. 604-609, 2013.
[37] L. Wang et al., “Effects of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Tibetan chickens on the growth performance and gut microbiota of broiler,” Front. Microbiol., vol. 14, p. 1171074, 2023, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1171074.
[38] M. Begley, C. Hill, and C. G. M. Gahan, “Bile salt hydrolase activity in probiotics,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 1729–1738, 2006, doi: 10.1128/aem.72.3.1729-1738.2006.
[39] A. I. Klimko, T. A. Cherdyntseva, A. L. Brioukhanov, and A. I. Netrusov, “In vitro evaluation of probiotic potential of selected lactic acid bacteria strains,” Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 1139–1148, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s12602-019-09599-6.
[40] R. A. Bailey, “Intestinal microbiota and the pathogenesis of dysbacteriosis in broiler chickens,” PhD thesis, Uni. East Anglia, Norwich, England, 2010.
[41] C. M. C. Chapman, G. R. Gibson, and I. Rowland, “In vitro evaluation of single- and multi-strain probiotics: Inter-species inhibition between probiotic strains, and inhibition of pathogens,” Anaerobe, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 405–413, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.05.004.
[42] J. P. Mills, K. Rao, and V. B. Young, “Probiotics for prevention of Clostridium difficile infection,” Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol., vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 3–10, 2018, doi: 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000410.
[43] A. Schoster, B. Kokotovic, A. Permin, P. D. Pedersen, F. D. Bello, and L. Guardabassi, “In vitro inhibition of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens by commercial probiotic strains,” Anaerobe, vol. 20, pp. 36–41, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.02.006.
[44] R. Zhang et al., “Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 inhibitors for reducing cholesterol absorption,” Eur. J. Med. Chem., vol. 230, p. 114111, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114111.
[45] K. Grond, B. K. Sandercock, A. Jumpponen, and L. H. Zeglin, “The avian gut microbiota: community, physiology and function in wild birds,” J. Avian Biol., vol. 49, no. 11, p. e01788, 2018, doi: 10.1111/jav.01788.
[46] H. Li et al., “Probiotic mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains improves lipid metabolism and gut microbiota structure in high fat diet-fed mice,” Front. Microbiol., vol. 11, p. 512, 2020, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00512.
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2025-12-12
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Mursalim, Hafsan, Fatmawati Nur, & Khudaer, F. (2025). Modulation of broiler carcass cholesterol levels through Lactobacillus plantarum intervention. Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(3), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.32734/injar.v8i3.20284
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