Reactive Diffusion Model in Determining Dissolution Rate of Edible Electronics Materials
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32734/jotp.v8i1.24766Keywords:
Diffusivity, Dissolution Rate, Edible Electronic Materials, Reactive Diffusion ModelAbstract
Edible electronic materials have emerged as an attractive research with broad potential applications. In the healthcare field, these materials can be utilized for diagnosing, monitoring, and treating organs within the gastrointestinal tract. A key characteristic of these materials is their ability to be digested and dissolved in water or bodily fluids. This study aims to theoretically investigate and predict the dissolution behavior of edible electronic materials using a one-dimensional (1D) reactive diffusion model. This model indicates that the dissolution behavior is governed by two primary parameters: the reaction rate constant (k) and the water diffusivity (D). Materials such as magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and molybdenum (Mo) exhibit average dissolution rates ranging from 2.51 × 10-12 cm s-1 to 3.40 × 10-8 cm s-1 for diffusivity values between 10-17 and 10-10 cm2 s-1. In addition, the ratio of effective thickness to initial thickness (h/h0) increases and is influenced by the molar mass of the material, following the order Mo > Zn > Mg. The dissolution rate modeling results demonstrate that the reactive diffusion model is capable of representing trends that are consistent with experimental observations.
Downloads
References
[1] Y. A. Sihombing, Uperianti, D. Edikresnha, I. Anshori, D. A. Hapidin, and K. Khairurrijal, ‘Screen-printed activated carbon/coconut oil/beeswax electrodes on fabrics for uric acid detection’, Mater. Chem. Phys., vol. 340, p. 130872, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.130872.
[2] A. S. Sharova, F. Melloni, G. Lanzani, C. J. Bettinger, and M. Caironi, ‘Edible Electronics: The Vision and the Challenge’, Adv. Mater. Technol., vol. 6, no. 2, p. 2000757, 2021, doi: 10.1002/admt.202000757.
[3] Y. A. Sihombing et al., ‘Enhanced uric acid detection using functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube/AgNi nanocomposites: A comparative study on screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) and fabric-based biosensors’, Sensors and Actuators Reports, vol. 8, p. 100223, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.snr.2024.100223.
[4] C. J. Bettinger, ‘Materials Advances for Next-Generation Ingestible Electronic Medical Devices’, Trends Biotechnol., vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 575–585, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.07.008.
[5] W. Xu et al., ‘Food-Based Edible and Nutritive Electronics’, Adv. Mater. Technol., vol. 2, no. 11, p. 1700181, 2017, doi: 10.1002/admt.201700181.
[6] C. Steiger, A. Abramson, P. Nadeau, A. P. Chandrakasan, R. Langer, and G. Traverso, ‘Ingestible electronics for diagnostics and therapy’, Nat. Rev. Mater., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 83–98, 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41578-018-0070-3.
[7] A. Keller, J. Pham, H. Warren, and M. In het Panhuis, ‘Conducting hydrogels for edible electrodes’, J. Mater. Chem. B, vol. 5, no. 27, pp. 5318–5328, 2017, doi: 10.1039/C7TB01247K.
[8] V. E. Balas, V. K. Solanki, and R. Kumar, Emergence of Pharmaceutical Industry Growth with Industrial IoT Approach. New York: Academic Press, Elsevier, 2019. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819593-2.00012-1.
[9] J. Ferlay, H.-R. Shin, F. Bray, D. Forman, C. Mathers, and D. M. Parkin, ‘Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008’, Int. J. Cancer, vol. 127, no. 12, pp. 2893–2917, 2010, doi: 10.1002/ijc.25516.
[10] Y. Wu et al., ‘Edible and Nutritive Electronics: Materials, Fabrications, Components, and Applications’, Adv. Mater. Technol., vol. 5, no. 10, p. 2000100, 2020, doi: 10.1002/admt.202000100.
[11] E. Caballero-Díaz and M. V. Cases, ‘Analytical methodologies for nanotoxicity assessment’, TrAC - Trends Anal. Chem., vol. 84, no. Part A, pp. 160–171, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.03.007.
[12] Y. A. Sihombing, D. Edikresnha, I. Anshori, D. A. Hapidin, and K. Khairurrijal, ‘Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles on sustainable screen-printed fabric electrode for enhanced uric acid detection’, J. Appl. Electrochem., vol. 56, no. 2, p. 38, 2026, doi: 10.1007/s10800-025-02385-z.
[13] B. Merchant, ‘Gold, the Noble metal and the paradoxes of its toxicology’, Biologicals, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 49–59, 1998, doi: 10.1006/biol.1997.0123.
[14] X. Huang et al., ‘A Fully Biodegradable Battery for Self-Powered Transient Implants’, Small, vol. 14, no. 28, p. 1800994, 2018, doi: 10.1002/smll.201800994.
[15] R. Mbarki, A. H. Hamzaoui, and A. Mnif, ‘Dielectric properties and electrical conductivity of MgO synthesized by chemical precipitation and sol-gel method’, Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 69, no. 1, p. 10402, 2015, doi: 10.1051/epjap/2014130287.
[16] X. Yu, W. Shou, B. K. Mahajan, X. Huang, and H. Pan, ‘Materials, Processes, and Facile Manufacturing for Bioresorbable Electronics: A Review’, Adv. Mater., vol. 30, no. 28, p. 1707624, 2018, doi: 10.1002/adma.201707624.
[17] D. Gaspar, L. Pereira, K. Gehrke, B. Galler, E. Fortunato, and R. Martins, ‘High mobility hydrogenated zinc oxide thin films’, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, vol. 163, pp. 255–262, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2017.01.030.
[18] S. W. Hwang et al., ‘High-performance biodegradable/transient electronics on biodegradable polymers’, Adv. Mater., vol. 26, no. 23, pp. 3905–3911, 2014, doi: 10.1002/adma.201306050.
[19] R. Baronas and K. Petrauskas, ‘Effects of Diffusion Limitations and Partitioning on Signal Amplification and Sensitivity in Bienzyme Electrochemical Biosensors Employing Cyclic Product Conversion’, Appl. Sci., vol. 16, no. 3, p. 1171, 2026, doi: 10.3390/app16031171.
[20] R. Sharipov, A. Dagubayeva, G. Maldybayev, M. N. M. Ibrahim, O. Baigenzhenov, and T. Mu, ‘Sustainable leaching of nickel and cobalt from asbestos waste using deep eutectic solvents: Kinetic modeling and recovery performance’, J. Hazard. Mater. Adv., vol. 21, p. 100948, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100948.
[21] L. Yin et al., ‘Dissolvable metals for transient electronics’, Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 645–658, 2014, doi: 10.1002/adfm.201301847.
[22] S. W. Hwang et al., ‘A physically transient form of silicon electronics’, Science (80-. )., vol. 337, pp. 1640–1644, 2012, doi: 10.1126/science.1226325.
[23] R. Li, L. Wang, D. Kong, and L. Yin, ‘Recent progress on biodegradable materials and transient electronics’, Bioact. Mater., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 322–333, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.12.001.
[24] J. Thurn, ‘Water diffusion coefficient measurements in deposited silica coatings by the substrate curvature method’, J. Non. Cryst. Solids, vol. 354, no. 52–54, pp. 5459–5465, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2008.09.008.
[25] K. M. Davis and M. Tomozawa, ‘Water diffusion into silica glass: Structural changes in silica glass and their effect on water solubility and diffusivity’, J. Non. Cryst. Solids, vol. 185, no. 3, pp. 203–220, 1995, doi: 10.1016/0022-3093(95)00015-1.
[26] W. F. Ng, K. Y. Chiu, and F. T. Cheng, ‘Effect of pH on the in vitro corrosion rate of magnesium degradable implant material’, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 898–903, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2010.04.003.
[27] P. K. Bowen, J. Drelich, and J. Goldman, ‘Zinc Exhibits Ideal Physiological Corrosion Behavior for Bioabsorbable Stents’, Adv. Mater., vol. 25, no. 18, pp. 2577–2582, 2013, doi: 10.1002/adma.201300226.
[28] W. A. Badawy and F. M. Al-Kharafi, ‘Corrosion and passivation behaviors of molybdenum in aqueous solutions of different pH’, Electrochim. Acta, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 693–702, 1998, doi: 10.1016/S0013-4686(98)00180-7.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Technomaterial Physics
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
