Potensi Modifikasi Eksosom Derivat Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell (BMMSC) dengan Rabies Viral Glycoprotein (RVG) sebagai Modalitas Mutakhir dalam Penatalaksanaan Penyakit Alzheimer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32734/scripta.v4i2.10443Keywords:
BMMSC, Defisit Memori, Penyakit Alzheimer, Peptida Amiloid β, Sitokin InflamasiAbstract
Pendahuluan: Penyakit Alzheimer adalah penyakit neurodegeneratif yang menyebabkan gangguan progresif pada fungsi perilaku dan kognitif. Penyakit ini merupakan jenis demensia yang paling umum terjadi dengan prevalensi yang meningkat setiap tahunnya. Patofisiologi kompleks yang dimiliki penyakit ini menyebabkan belum adanya pengobatan yang efektif untuk penyakit Alzheimer. Tinjauan literatur ini bertujuan untuk meninjau lebih lanjut mengenai potensi Rabies Viral Glycoprotein (RVG)-modified exosomes yang berasal dari Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell (BMMSC) melalui aktivasi mikroglial otak yang dapat mereduksi Aβ sebagai terapi kuratif terkini pada penyakit Alzheimer. Metode: Literatur dicari menggunakan situs pencari seperti Google Scholar, Science Direct, ResearchGate, dan NCBI. Kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi digunakan untuk mengeliminasi literatur yang tidak berkaitan sehingga diperoleh 24 literatur. Pembahasan: BMMSC dapat meringankan neuropatologi, penurunan memori, dan defisit perilaku. Selain itu, BMMSC yang ditransplantasikan dapat menghambat kematian sel terkait Aβ dan tau. Sementara itu, terjadi peningkatan regulasi ekspresi sitokin antiinflamasi (IL-10 dan IL-4) dan penurunan regulasi sitokin proinflamasi (TNF-a dan IL-1β). Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan BMMSC yang diturunkan dari eksosom yang dimodifikasi RVG lebih baik daripada BMMSC yang diturunkan dari eksosom saja untuk meningkatkan fungsi kognitif pada mencit APP/ PS 1. Kesimpulan: RVG-eksosom derivat BMMSC dapat menghambat kematian sel dengan mengurangi akumulasi Aβ dan tau, menyeimbangkan faktor inflamasi otak, serta meningkatkan fungsi memori dan kognitif. RVG-eksosom BMMSC berpotensi sebagai terapi mutakhir penyakit Alzheimer serta penyakit neurogeneratif lainnya. Saran: Dibutuhkan penelitian lebih lanjut terkait mekanisme molekular, dosis, dan efek samping terapi RVG-eksosom derivate BMMSC pada penyakit Alzheimer.
Kata Kunci: BMMSC, Defisit Memori, Penyakit Alzheimer, Peptida Amiloid β, Sitokin Inflamasi
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Introduction: Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive impairment of behavioral and cognitive functions. This disease is the most common type of dementia with an increasing prevalence every year. Due to its complex pathophysiology, there is no effective treatment to date for Alzheimer’s disease. This literature review aims to further review the potential of Rabies Viral Glycoprotein (RVG)-modified exosomes from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMMSC) through microglial activation in the brain which can reduce Aβ as the latest curative therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Method: Literature is searched using search engines such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, ResearchGate, and NCBI. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to eliminate unrelated journals so that 24 journals were obtained. Discussion: BMMSC can alleviate neuropathology, memory decline, and behavioral deficits. In addition, transplanted BMMSC could inhibit Aβ and tau-associated cell death. Meanwhile, there is an upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-4) and a downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a and IL-1β). The study showed that the use of RVG-modified exosomes derived BMMSC was better than exosomes derived BMMSC to improve cognitive function in APP/PS 1 mice. Conclusion: RVG-modified exosomes derived BMMSC can inhibit cell death by reducing Aβ and tau accumulation, balancing brain inflammatory factors, and improving memory and cognitive function. RVG-modified exosomes derived BMMSC has the potential as an advanced therapy for Alzheimer's disease and other neurogenerative diseases. Suggestion: Further research on the molecular mechanism, dosage, and side effects of RVG-modified exosomes derived BMMSC therapy in Alzheimer’s disease is needed.
Keywords: Alzheimer Disease, Amyloid β Peptide, BMMSC, Inflammatory Cytokine, Memory Deficit
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Copyright (c) 2023 Safa Nabila Putri, Muhammad Rizky Hidayatullah, Putri Mahirah Afladhanti
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