Analysis of Vegetation Density and Distribution of Green Belts in the City Center of Medan Using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32734/jsi.v9i01.23249Keywords:
Green Belt, Medan City, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Vegetation Density, UrbanAbstract
This study evaluates the distribution and condition of vegetation within the green belts of Medan City Center in 2025 by employing the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, supplemented by field verification through purposive sampling. The analysis reveals that the findings indicate that non-vegetated category (NDVI < 0.1) dominated, encompassing 12,240.98 hectares or approximately 43.98%, whereas the dense vegetation class (NDVI 0.3–0.4) represents the smallest portion, covering only 3,009.70 hectares (10.81%) of the total area.Vegetation index values within these urban corridors range from a maximum of 0.55 to a minimum of -0.04, where lower values are predominantly associated with built-up areas and open land, while higher values are restricted to riparian buffers and fragmented green spaces. Spatial pattern analysis, utilizing a 500-meter buffer, highlights significant disparities in vegetation distribution and underscores the mounting pressure of urbanization, which has compromised the ecological functions of the city’s green infrastructure. Consequently, these findings emphasize the critical need for strategic planning and robust policy interventions to revitalize green open spaces as essential ecological infrastructure; therefore, the primary recommendation focuses on expanding green belt vegetation through intensification and protection efforts to ensure that ecological, social, and aesthetic functions are maintained sustainably within the Medan City Center.
Downloads
References
[1] O. O. Green, A. S. Garmestani, S. Albro, N. C. Ban, A. Berland, C. E. Burkman et al., "Adaptive Governance to Promote Ecosystem Services in Urban Green Spaces," Urban Ecosystems, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 77-93, 2016.
[2] E. Ustaoglu and B. Williams, "Determinants of Urban Expansion and Agricultural Land Conversion in 25 EU Countries," Environmental Management, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 717-746, 2017.
[3] R. Fitri, R. Fauzi, O. Seanders, and D. Danniswari, "Land Use Changes and Residential Area Expansion in South Tangerang City, Indonesia," Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2023
[4] A. Allan, A. Soltani, M. H. Abdi, and M. Zarei, "Driving Forces behind Land Use and Land Cover Change: A Systematic and Bibliometric Review," Land, vol. 11, no. 8, p. 1222, 2022.
[5] Z. Tasnim, "Study on Potential Integration of Greenway on Urban Street Canyon at Planned Residential Area of Dhaka City," 2018.
[6] S. S. Sinthia, S. Hoque, and M. Arch, "Enhancing Urban Sustainability: Integration of Green Infrastructure on Urban Leftover & Grey Space in the Context of Dhaka," Int J Research and Innovation in Social Science, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 257-279, 2024.
[7] B. T. Asmoro, F. D. Susanti, S. Anam, and A. Maulidia, "Pemberdayaan Pokdarwis dalam Pengelolaan RTH Pasaban Sekartaji Desa Sengguruh Kecamatan Kepanjen Kabupaten Malang," Jurpikat, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 125-135, 2020. (Indonesia)
[8] A. Raihan, "A Review on the Role of Green Vegetation in Improving Urban Environmental Quality," Eco Cities, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 2387, 2023
[9] H. Chen, B. Wang, D. S. Xia, Y. J. Fan, H. Liu, Z. R. Tang, and S. Ma, "The Influence of Roadside Trees on the Diffusion of Road Traffic Pollutants and Their Magnetic Characteristics in a Typical Semi-Arid Urban Area of Northwest China," Environmental Pollution, vol. 252, pp. 1170-1179, 2019.
[10] R. S. Tinambunan, "Analisis Kebutuhan Ruang Terbuka Hijau di Kota Pekan Baru," Tesis, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia, 2015.
[11] S. Samsuri, A. Zaitunah, and O. Rajagukguk, "Analisis Kebutuhan Ruang Terbuka Hijau: Pendekatan Kebutuhan Oksigen: Green Open Space Analysis, Oxygen Requirement Approached in Medan Baru City," Jurnal Silva Tropika, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 305-320, 2021.
[12] H. M. M. Miharja, "Analisis kemampuan ruang terbuka hijau menyerap potensi emisi karbon dioksida (CO₂) antropogenik Kota Malang," Tesis Sarjana, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/189861
[13] S. Wulandari, R. Rifardi, A. Rasyad, and Y. Yusmarini, "Status Keberlanjutan Ruang Terbuka Hijau Sebagai Cadangan Karbon Di Kota Pekanbaru (the Sustainability Status of Green Open Space as Carbon Stock in Pekanbaru City)," Journal of People and Environment, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 73-80, 2018.
[14] Y. R. Adrianto, E. Zulaikha, and B. Syairudin, "Analysis of Spatial Area Vegetation Design Factors on Vandalism Intentions of Visitors to Tropical City Park (Surabaya-Indonesia)," Int J Sustainable Development & Planning, vol. 20, no. 5, 2025
[15] B. R. Yurianda, D. Setyawan, and Warsito, "Metode Klasifikasi Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Berbasis Citra Landsat 8 untuk Identifikasi Sebaran Kondisi Kesehatan Tanaman Kelapa Sawit di PT. Andira Agro, Sumatera Selatan," Pedontropika: Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Sumber Daya Lahan, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 15-24, 2022. (Indonesia)
[16] R. M. Sampurno and A. Thori, "Klasifikasi Tutupan Lahan Menggunakan Citra Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) di Kabupaten Sumedang," Jurnal Teknotan, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1978-1067, 2016. (Indonesia)
[17] M. Nilasari, B. Sasmito, and A. Sukmono, "Aplikasi Penginderaan Jauh untuk Memetakan Kekeringan Lahan Pertanian dengan Metode Thermal Vegetation Index (Studi Kasus: Kabupaten Kudus, Jawa Tengah)," Jurnal Geodesi Undip, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 97-105, 2017.
[18] J. W. Hatulesila, G. Mardiatmoko, and I. Irwanto, "Analisis Nilai Indeks Kehijauan (NDVI) Pada Pola Ruang Kota Ambon, Provinsi Maluku," Jurnal Hutan Pulau-Pulau Kecil, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 55-67, 2019. (Indonesia)
[19] B. Ilmi, E. A. Ayuningtyas, and G. A. Bisa, "Analisis Hubungan NDVI dan LST Berdasarkan Citra Landsat Multitemporal di Kecamatan Lokpaikat," J Ilmu Alam dan Lingkungan, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 31-44, 2025.
[20] M. Alfarhood, A. Alahmad, A. Alalwan, and F. Alkulaib, "Leveraging Satellite Imagery and Machine Learning for Urban Green Space Assessment: a Case Study from Riyadh City," Sustainability, vol. 17, no. 13, p. 6118, 2025
[21] T. A. Santoso, D. Arini, and D. M. Driptufany, "Pemetaan Ruang Terbuka Hijau dari Hasil Citra Landsat 8 Menggunakan Metode NDVI di Kota Padang," Netizen: J Soc Bus, vol. 1, no. 9, pp. 291-301, 2025. (Indonesia)
[22] N. I. Hikmah and P. Manurung, "Application of Spectral Indices and Deep Learning (Convolutional Neural Network Model) on Land Cover Change Analysis," Appl Environ Sci, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 39-60, 2025.
[23] Ç. Ö. Genç and A. O. Altunel, "Monitoring the Operational Changes in Surface Reflectances After Logging, Based on Popular Indices Over Sentinel-2, Landsat-8, and ASTER Imageries," Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 197, no. 1, p. 120, 2025
[24] A. Zaitunah, S. Samsuri, and F. Sahara, "Mapping and Assessment of Vegetation Cover Change Species Variation in Medan, North Sumatra," Heliyon, vol. 7, e07321, 2021.
[25] O. Rasheedat and S. U. Ojodale Samuel, "Geospatial Analysis of Vegetation Health Response to Urbanisation and Land Use/Land Cover Changes in Lokoja, Nigeria Using NDVI," Integral Research, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 49-72, 2025.
[26] L. Li, X. Xin, J. Zhao, A. Yang, S. Wu, H. Zhang, and S. Yu, "Remote Sensing Monitoring and Assessment of Global Vegetation Status and Changes During 2016–2020," Sensors, vol. 23, no. 20, p. 8452, 2023.
[27] A. W. Hasyim, B. M. Sukojo, I. A. Anggraini, E. R. Fatahillah, and A. Isdianto, "Urban Heat Island Effect and Sustainable Planning: Analysis of Land Surface Temperature and Vegetation in Malang City," Int J Sustainable Development and Planning, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 683-697, 2025.
[28] T. Dong, M. Tadi, and S. T. Tesfaye, "Unveiling Hidden Green Corridors: An Agent-Based Simulation (ABS) of Urban Green Continuity for Ecosystem Services and Climate Resilience," Smart Cities, vol. 8, no. 5, p. 163, 2025.
[29] S. A. Lahoti, M. Thomas, P. Pimpalshende, S. Dhyani, M. Sahle, P. Kumar, and O. Saito, "3-30-300 Benchmark: An Evaluation of Tree Visibility, Canopy Cover, and Green Space Access in Nagpur, India," Urban Science, vol. 9, no. 4, p. 120, 2025
[30] A. Salman, A. Haque, M. Rahman, M. J. Rabby, S. Hossen, P. Halder, and R. I. Evan, "NDVI-based Analysis of Green Space Decline and Air Quality in Dhaka: Implications for Sustainable Development Goals," Environ Earth Sci Res J, vol. 10, no. 2, 2023.
[31] S. Azizi and T. Azizi, "Urban Climate Dynamics: Analyzing the Impact of Green Cover and Air Pollution on Land Surface Temperature A Comparative Study Across Chicago, San Francisco, and Phoenix, USA," Atmosphere, vol. 15, no. 8, p. 917, 2024.
[32] C. Aleixo, C. Branquinho, L. Laanisto, P. Tryjanowski, Ü. Niinemets, M. Moretti, R. Samson, and P. Pinho, "Urban Green Connectivity Assessment: A Comparative Study of Datasets in European Cities," Remote Sensing, vol. 16, no. 5, p. 771, 2024.
[33] Q. Zhong and Z. Li, "Long-term Trends of Vegetation Greenness Under Different Urban Development Intensities in 889 Global Cities," Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 106, p. 105406, 2024.
[34] Y. Lu, Y. Yu, L. Sun, C. Li, J. He, Z. Guo, and R. Yu, "NDVI Based Vegetation Dynamics and Responses to Climate Change and Human Activities at Xinjiang from 2001 to 2020," Scientific Reports, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 25848, 2025.
[35] N. M. Sari, D. N. Martono, R. H. S. Koestoer, and D. Kushardono, "Remote Sensing-Based Urban Environmental Quality Indicators: A Review," J Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 228-242, 2025.
[36] D. Wulandari, "Status keberlanjutan ruang terbuka hijau sebagai cadangan oksigen di Yogyakarta," Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 123-135, 2018, doi: 10.22146/jml.23817.
[37] F. N. H. Lubis, "Analisis Hubungan Pertumbuhan Penduduk terhadap Kerapatan Vegetasi dan Bangunan di Kota Medan 2014-2024," Tesis S1, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia, 2024. [Online]. Available: http://repositori.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/105245
[38] Perda Kota Medan No. 1/2022 tentang RTRW Kota Medan 2022-2042. [Online]. Available: https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/205589/perda-kota-medan-no-1-tahun-2022
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
