Risk Factors for Lung Cancer in Non-smoking Women, North Sumatera, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32734/sumej.v8i1.18763Keywords:
Lung Cancer, Non-Smoker, Risk Factors, WomenAbstract
Basic Health Research Data in 2018 reported that lung cancer in women in Indonesia ranked third after breast cancer and cervical cancer. A person's risk of developing lung cancer can be evaluated by looking at several things, namely age and gender, genetic predisposition to cancer, tobacco use, and exposure to toxic agents at home or work. The purpose of this research is to obtain data on several risk factors with the incidence of lung cancer in non-smoking women at Adam Malik General Hospital and Santa Elisabeth General Hospital. This research is a case-control matching study involving 224 research subjects through medical record data collection from January 2019 to December 2020. All research subjects were recorded from medical record data confirmed by questionnaires related to risk factors, namely ages, exposure to cigarette smoke (passive smokers), genetics, mosquito coils, limes, pesticides, garbage burning, exposure to firewood, and air pollution. Data were analyzed by logistic regression test. The average age in the case group was 57.86 years, while in the control group, the average age was 47.4 years. The largest age group in both study groups was 40 years. In this research, five risk factors of lung cancer influenced the incidence of lung cancer in non-smoking women, namely age (p = 0.008), passive smokers (p = 0.043), genetic factors (p < 0.001), exposure to firewood (p = 0.007), and air pollution factors (p = 0.041). It was estimated that risk factors that significantly influence the incidence of lung cancer in women are not the age of 40 years, genetic factors, passive smokers, and exposure to firewood.
Downloads
References
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020 Jan;70(1):7–30.
Couraud S, Zalcman G, Milleron B, Morin F, Souquet PJ. Lung cancer in never smokers - A review. Eur J Cancer [Internet]. 2012 Jun [cited 2021 Feb 22];48(9):1299–311. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22464348
Cufari maria elena. Increasing frequency of non-smoking lung cancer: Presentation of patients with early disease to a tertiary institution in the UK. Eur J Cancer. 2017;
Taufik FF, Susanto AD, Simarmata E, Faisal HD, Jusuf A. Risk Factors for Lung Cancer In: Jusuf A. Basics of Lung Cancer Diagnosis. 2017. Page 11, UIPress, Jakarta.
International Agency for Research on Cancer. GLOBOCAN 2020: New Global Cancer Data [Internet]. Globocan 2020. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/
Toh CK, Gao F, Lim WT, Leong SS, Fong KW, Yap SP, et al. Never smokers with lung cancer: Epidemiologic evidence of a distinct disease entity. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2006 May 20 [cited 2020 Nov 14];24(15):2245–51. Available from:
Soeroso NN. Lung Cancer among Never-Smoker Women: An Epidemiological Data in North Sumatra, Indonesia. University of North Sumatera; 2019.
Kim HY, Jung K, Lim KY, et al. Lung Cancer Screening with Low Dose CT in Female Never Smokers: Retrospective Cohort Study with Long Term National Data Follow-up. 2018;50(3):748-756.
Wakelee HA, Chang ET, Gomez SL, Keegan TH, Feskanich D, Clarke CA, et al. Lung Cancer Incidence in Never Smokers. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2007 Feb 10 [cited 2019 Jun 29];25(5):472–8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17290054
Soeroso NN, Tanjung MF, Afiani D, Pradana A, Tarigan SP, Wahyuni AS. Procalcitonin Levels in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients among Indonesian Population. Open Access Maced J Med Sci [Internet]. 2018 Nov 25 [cited 2019 Mar 11];6(11):2123–7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30559873
Subramanian J, Velcheti V, Gao F, Govindan R. Presentation and Stage-Specific Outcomes of Lifelong Never-smokers with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). J Thorac Oncol [Internet]. 2007 Sep [cited 2019 Jun 29];2(9):827–30. Available from: https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed/17805060
Santoro IL, Ramos RP, Franceschini J, Jamnik S, Fernandes ALG. Non-small cell lung cancer in never smokers: a clinical entity to be identified. Clinics (Sao Paulo) [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2019 Jun 30];66(11):1873–7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22086516
Lee Y, Hyun J, Goh S, Roh H, Yun J, Kwon N. Lung Cancer the Clinical Impact of Family History of Cancer in Female Never-Smokers Lung Adenocarcinoma. Lung Cancer 2019. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.07.031
Ernawati Y, Ermayanti S, Herman D, Russilawati R Risk Factors of Lung Cancer in Women Treated in the Pulmonary Department of Dr. M. Djamil Padang General Hospital and Solok Regional Hospital: Case Control Study. January 2019. Andalas Health Journal 8(2S):1-8. DOI:10.25077/jka.v8i2S.951.
Hackshaw AK, Law MR, Wald NJ. The accumulated evidence on lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke. BMJ [Internet]. 1997 Oct 18 [cited 2019 Jun 30];315(7114):980–8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9365295
Kim CH, Lee Y-CA, Hung RJ, McNallan SR, Cote ML, Lim WY, et al. Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and lung cancer by histological type: a pooled analysis of the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO). Int J Cancer [Internet]. 2014 Oct 15 [cited 2019 Jun 30];135(8):1918–30. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24615328
Hori M. Tanaka H, Wakai K Sasazuki SK S. Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Risk of Lung Cancer in Japan: a systematic review eye-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2016;46(10).
Gao YT, Blot WJ, Zheng W, Ershow AG, Hsu CW, Levin LI, et al. Lung cancer among Chinese women. Int J Cancer [Internet]. 1987 Nov 15 [cited 2019 Jun 29];40(5):604–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2824385
Ko YC, Lee CH, Chen MJ, Huang CC, Chang WY, Lin HJ, et al. Risk factors for primary lung cancer among non-smoking women in Taiwan. Int J Epidemiol [Internet]. 1997 Feb 1 [cited 2019 Jun 29];26(1):24–31. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9126500
Seow A, Poh WT, Teh M, Eng P, Wang YT, Tan WC, et al. Fumes from meat cooking and lung cancer risk in Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev [Internet]. 2000 Nov [cited 2019 Jun 29];9(11):1215–21. Available from:
Samet JM, Avila-Tang E, Boffetta P, Hannan LM, Olivo-Marston S, Thun MJ, et al. Lung Cancer in Never Smokers: Clinical Epidemiology and Environmental Risk Factors. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2009 Sep 15 [cited 2019 Jun 29];15(18):5626–45. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19755391
Bruce N, Dherani M, Liu R, et al. Does household use of biomass fuel cause lung cancer? A systematic review and evaluation of the evidence for the GBD 2010 study. Thorax 2015;70:433-441. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206625.
Trédaniel J, Aarab-Terrisse S, Teixeira L, Savinelli F, Fraboulet S, Gossot D, et al. Pollution atmosphere et cancer bronchique: Données épidémiologiques [Internet]. Vol. 26, Revue des Maladies Respiratoires. Elsevier Masson SAS; 2009 [cited 2021 Mar 4]. p. 437–45. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19421096/
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Sumatera Medical Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The Authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that if accepted for publication, copyright of the article shall be assigned to Sumatera Medical Journal (SUMEJ) and Faculty of Medicine as well as TALENTA Publisher Universitas Sumatera Utara as publisher of the journal.
Copyright encompasses exclusive rights to reproduce and deliver the article in all form and media. The reproduction of any part of this journal, its storage in databases and its transmission by any form or media, will be allowed only with a written permission from Sumatera Medical Journal (SUMEJ).
The Copyright Transfer Form can be downloaded here.
The copyright form should be signed originally and sent to the Editorial Office in the form of original mail or scanned document.
