The relationship of breakfast habits and nutrient intake with the incidence of anemia in female students at Dharmawangsa High School in Medan City

Abstract

Anemia is among the most common health issues experienced by adolescent girls, characterized by a hemoglobin (Hb) level below the established threshold (<12 g/dL). This condition can impact learning concentration, physical stamina, and productivity. Field observations indicate that several students appear weak, have pale complexions, and frequently miss school due to dizziness or fatigue. This is supported by teachers’ reports stating that a considerable number of students have reduced concentration, especially in the morning after the flag ceremony or physical education sessions, and many of them do not have time to eat breakfast at home. This reflects poor breakfast habits and the possibility of insufficient nutritional intake. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between breakfast habits and nutrient intake with the incidence of anemia among female students at Dharmawangsa High School in Medan. This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. The study was carried out at Dharmawangsa High School in Medan City with a sample of 80 female students determined using the Slovin formula. Data were collected through interviews using a breakfast habits questionnaire, assessment of nutrient intake using the 2x24-hour food recall method, and measurement of hemoglobin levels using the EasyTouch GCHB digital device. Data analysis was conducted using univariate and bivariate methods with the Chi-Square test (α=0.05). The findings showed that 53.8% of female students had poor breakfast habits. There was a significant association between breakfast habits, energy intake, protein, iron, and zinc intake with the incidence of anemia. It is expected that female students will pay greater attention to their nutritional intake, particularly at breakfast, to help prevent anemia.