Efficiency of Fertilizing Maize Plants Through the Application of Slow Release NPK Tablet Fertilizer with Biofertilizer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32734/injar.v6i3.13904Keywords:
fertilization, maize, multivariate analysis, productivity, slow releaseAbstract
Inefficiencies in fertilization practices have become a substantial issue within current agricultural techniques. The inappropriate use of fertilizers can negatively impact both crop productivity and soil fertility. The aim of this research is to identify the efficiency of utilizing slow-release NPK tablet fertilizers supplemented with biofertilizers in maize crops. The experimental design incorporated a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of nine combinations of fertilizer dosages between NPK tablet fertilizers and biofertilizers. The efficiency of fertilizer use can be seen from the RAE value of more than 100% shown by the NPK Tablet treatment which requires only one application compared to the recommended fertilizer, urea, and NPK Phonska which requires twice applications. Furthermore, optimization of the application of biofertilizer can be seen in the RSE value of more than 100% shown in the application of LBA biofertilizer together with NPK Tablets so that the application of biofertilizer is considered capable of increasing the efficiency of using inorganic fertilizers such as NPK Tablets.
Downloads
References
I. Niftiyev and G. Ibadoghlu, “Longitudinal principal component and cluster analysis of Azerbaijan’s agricultural productivity in crop commodities,†Commodities, vol. 2, pp. 147-167, 2023, doi:10.3390/commodities2020009.
P. N. Sari, and Z. Nasution, “The role of leading food crops commodity in the regional development of Sirapit Subdistrict, Langkat Regency,†IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 1133, no.1, p. 012007, 2023.
G. Mukri, M. S. Patil, B. N. Motagi, J. S. Bhat, C. Singh, S. P. J. Kumar, R. N. Gadag, N. C. Gupta, and J. Simal-Gandara, “Genetic variability, combining ability and molecular diversity-based parental line selection for heterosis breeding in field maize (Zea mays L.),†Mol. Biol. Rep., vol. 49, pp. 4517–4524, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s11033-022-07295-3.
J. K. Winkler-Moser, H. S. Hwang, J. A. Byars, S. F. Vaughn, J. Aurandt-Pilgrim, and O. Kern, “Variations in phytochemical content and composition in distillers maize oil from 30 U.S. ethanol plants,†Ind. Crops. Prod., vol. 193, p. 116108, 2023, doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.116108.
X. Li, “A study of the factors influencing futures in the agricultural industry based on multiple linear regression models——take maize futures prices as an example,†SHS Web. Conf., vol. 154, p. 02007, 2023, doi:10.1051/shsconf/202315402007.
S. H. Susilowati, E. Ariningsih, H. P. Saliem, E. Roosganda, C. R. Adawiyah, and Muksin, “Opportunities and challenges to increase maize export from Gorontalo province of Indonesia,†IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 672, no. 1, p. 012027, 2021.
S. S. Putro, M. A. Syakur, E. M. S. Rochman, Musfirotummamlu’ah, and A. Rachmad, “Prediction of maize crop yield using backpropagation neural network algorithm,†AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 2679, p. 020006, 2023, doi:10.1063/5.0127695.
M. Khubna, Supriyono, S. Nyoto, and M. T. S. Budiastuti, “The growth and yield of hybrid maize on different plant spacing,†IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 637, p. 012064, 2021, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/637/1/012064.
M. K. Senapaty, A. Ray, and N. Padhy, “IoT-Enabled soil nutrient analysis and crop recommendation model for precision agriculture,†Computers, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 61, 2023, doi:10.3390/computers12030061.
M. Riadi, A. R. Amin, F. Novianti, Y. Musa, M. Farid, N. E. Dungga, and A. Sahur, “Response of three maize varieties (Zea mays L.) to different nitrogen dosages,†IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 807, no. 4, p. 042053, 2021, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/807/4/042053
A. Amam, S. Rusdiana, M. Maplani, C. Talib, U. Adiati, and T. P. Priyanto, “Integration of sheep and maize in rural agriculture in Indonesia,†E3S. Web. Conf., vol. 373, p. 01001, 2023.
H. Herdiansyah, E. Antriyandarti, A. Rosyada, N. I. D. Arista, T. E. B. Soesilom, and N. Ernawati, “Evaluation of conventional and mechanization methods towards precision agriculture in Indonesia,†Sustainability, vol. 15, pp. 9592, 2023, doi:10.3390/su15129592.
E. Bojago, and Y. Abrham, “Small-scale irrigation (SSI) farming as a climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practice and its influence on livelihood improvement in Offa District, Southern Ethiopia,†J. Agric. Food. Res., vol. 12, p. 100534, 2023, doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100534.
I. Massigoge, A. Carcedo, A. F. d. B. Reis, C. Mitchell, S. Day, J. Oliverio, S. H. Truong, R. F. McCormick, J. Rotundo, L. Lira, I. Ciampitti, and C. D. Messina, “Exploring avenues for agricultural intensification: A case study for maize-soybean in the Southern US region,†Agric. Syst., vol. 204, p. 103539, 2023, doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103539.
J. Pretty, “Intensification for redesigned and sustainable agricultural systems,†Science, vol. 362, no. 6417, p. eaav0294, 2018, doi:10.1126/science.aav0294.
X. Liu, “Sustainable intensification: A historical perspective on China’s farming system,†Farming System, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 100001, 2023, doi:10.1016/j.farsys.2023.100001.
T. Zhang, W. Xiong, T. B. Sapkota, M. L. Jat, C. Montes, T. J. Krupnik, R. K. Jat, S. Karki, H. Nayak, A. A. Faisal, H. S., and Jat, “The optimization of conservation agriculture practices requires attention to location-specific performance: Evidence from large scale gridded simulations across South Asia,†F. Crops Res., vol. 282, p. 108508, 2022, doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108508.
C. Li, C. Zhao, X. Zhao, Y. Wang, X. Lv, X. Zhu, and X. Song, “Beneficial effects of biochar application with nitrogen fertilizer on soil nitrogen retention, absorption and utilization in maize production,†Agronomy, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 113, 2023, doi:10.3390/agronomy13010113.
H. M. Tauqeer, V. Turan, M. Farhad, and M. Iqbal, “Sustainable Agriculture and Plant Production by Virtue of Biochar in the Era of Climate Change,†In: M. Hasanuzzaman, G. J. Ahammed, and K. Nahar, Eds., Managing Plant Production Under Changing Environment. Springer, Singapore, pp. 21-42, 2022, doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5059-8_2.
A. Ali, B. Shahbaz, I. Ashraf, and M. Mawqzood, “A mixed method research to analyze fertilizer sources and application methods in nutrient stewardship perspective at farm level in rice-wheat cropping zone of Punjab, Pakistan,†J. Agric. Food., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 73-84, 2022, doi:10.52587/JAF00301.
J. M. Z. Drewer, M. Köster, I. Abdulai, R. P. Rötter, N. Hagemann, and H. P. Schmidt, “Impact of different methods of root-zone application of biochar-based fertilizers on young cocoa plants: Insights from a pot-trial,†Horticulture, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 328, 2022, doi:10.3390/horticulturae8040328.
Y. Han, W. Hong, C. Xiong, H. Lambers, Y. Sun, Z. Xu, W. X. Schulze, and L. Cheng, “Combining analyses of metabolite profiles and phosphorus fractions to explore high phosphorus utilization efficiency in maize,†J. Exp. Bot., vol. 73, no. 12, pp. 4184-4203, 2022, doi:10.1093/jxb/erac117.
A. D. M. Abduh, R. Padjung, M. Farid, A. H. Bahrun, M. F. Anshori, Nasaruddin, I. Ridwan, A. Nur, and M. Taufik, “Interaction of genetic and cultivation technology in maize prolific and productivity increase,†Pak. J. Biol. Sci., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 716-723, 2021, doi:10.3923/pjbs.2021.716.723.
D. Geisseler, R. S. Ortiz, and J. Diaz, “Nitrogen nutrition and fertilization of onions (Allium cepa L.)–A literature review,†Sci. Hortic., vol. 291, p. 110591, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110591
A. Firmanda, F. Fahma, K. Syamsu, L. Suryanegara, and K. Wood, “Controlled/slow-release fertilizer based on cellulose composite and its impact on sustainable agriculture: review,†Biofuels, Bioprod and Biorefining, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 1909-1930, 2022, doi:10.1002/bbb.2433.
A. S. M. Ghumman, R. Shamsuddin, R. Sabir, A. Waheed, A. Sami, and H. Almohamadi, “Synthesis and performance evaluation of slowrelease fertilizers produced from inverse vulcanized copolymers obtained from industrial waste,†R. Soc. Chem., vol. 13, no. 12, p. 7867-7876, 2023, doi:10.1039/d3ra00256j.
T. Alemayehu, G. M. Assogba, S. Gabbert, K. E. Giller, J. Hammondm, A. Arouna, E. R. Dossou-Yovo, and G. W. J. v. d. Ven, “Farming systems, food security and farmers’ awareness of ecosystem services in inland valleys: A study from côte d’Ivoire and Ghana,†Front. Sustain. Food. Syst., 6: 892818, 2022, doi:10.3389/fsufs.2022.892818.
H. Zhang, H. Liang, L. Xing, W. Ding, Z. Geng, and C. Xu, “Cellulose-based slow-release nitrogen fertilizers: Synthesis, properties, and effects on pakchoi growth,†Int. J. Biol. Macromol., vol. 244, p. 125413, 2023, doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125413.
P. P. Das, K. R. B. Singh, G. Nagpure, A. Mansoori, R. P. Singh, I. A. Ghazi, A. Kumar, and J. Singh, “Plant-soil-microbes: A tripartite interaction for nutrient acquisition and better plant growth for sustainable agricultural practices,†Environ. Res., vol. 214, p. 113821, 2022, doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.113821.
A. S. M. Elnahal, M. T. El-Saadony, A. M. Saad, E. M. Desoky, A. M. El-Tahan, M. M. Rady, S. F. AbuQamar, and K. A. El-Tarabily, “The use of microbial inoculants for biological control, plant growth promotion, and sustainable agriculture: A review,†Eur. J. Plant. Pathol., vol. 162, no. 4, pp. 759-792, 2022, doi:10.1007/s10658-021-02393-7.
A. Ortiz and E. Sansinenea, “The role of beneficial microorganisms in soil quality and plant health,†Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 9, p. 5358, 2022, doi:10.3390/su14095358.
Q. Zeng, X. Ding, J. Wang, X. Han, H. M. N. Iqbal, and M. Bilal, “Insight into soil nitrogen and phosphorus availability and agricultural sustainability by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria,†Environ Sci. Pollut. Res., vol. 29, no. 30, pp. 45089-45106, 2022, doi:10.1007/s11356-022-20399-4.
K. Abdelaal, M. Alkahtani, K. Attia, Y. Hafez, L. Király, and A. Künstler, “The role of plant growth-promoting bacteria in alleviating the adverse effects of drought on plants.†Biology, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 520, 2021, doi:10.3390/biology10060520.
D. Prisa, R. Fresco, and D. Spagnuolo, “Microbial biofertilisers in plant production and resistance: A review.†Agriculture, vol. 13, no. 9, p. 1666, 2023, doi:10.3390/agriculture13091666.
M. B. Amiri, M. Jahan, and P. R. Moghaddam, “An exploratory method to determine the plant characteristics afecting the fnal yield of Echium amoenum Fisch and C.A. Mey. under fertilizers application and plant densities.†Sci. Rep., vol. 12, no. 1, p. 1881, 2022, doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05724-8.
N. Fadhli, M. Farid, M. Azrai, A. Nur, R. Efendi, S. B. Priyanto, A. D. Nasruddin, and F. Novianti, “Morphological parameters, heritability, yield component correlation, and multivariate analysis to determine secondary characters in selecting hybrid maize.†Biodiversitas, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 3750-3757, 2023, doi:10.13057/biodiv/d240712.
BMKG [Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi Dan Geofisika], Monthly Rainfall Data. Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency, Climatology Station Class I, Maros, South Sulawesi. 2023.
CIMMYT, Managing trials and reporting data for CIMMYT's international maize testing program. CIMMYT, Mexico, 1994.
IRRI, Statistical tool for agricultural research version 2.0.1. Biometrics and Breeding Informatics. Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, 2014.
A. N. Akintunde, “Path analysis step by step using excel,†J. Tech. Sci. Technol., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9-15, 2012.
N. Fadhli, M. Farid, Rafiuddin, R. Efendi, M. Azrai, and M. F. Anshori, “Multivariate analysis to determine secondary characters in selecting adaptive hybrid maize lines under drought stress,†Biodiversitas, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 3617-3624, 2020, doi:10.13057/biodiv/d210826.
B. T. Magar, S. Acharya, B. Gyawali, K. Timilsena, J. Upadhayaya, and J. Shrestha, “Genetic variability and trait association in maize (Zea mays L.) varieties for growth and yield traits,†Heliyon, vol. 7, no. 9, p. e07939, 2021, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07939.
A. Shahzad, H. Gul, M. Ahsan, D. Wang, and S. Fahad, “Comparative genetic evaluation of maize inbred lines at seedling and maturity stages under drought stress,†J. Plant. Growth. Regul., vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 989-1005, 2023, doi:10.1007/s00344-022-10608-2.
B. D. R. Farid, H. Iswoyo, I. Ridwan, and F. Arsyad, “Analysis of heritability and correlation of agronomic character towards the yield of several m6 generation of wheat mutants (Triticum aestivum L.) in the lowlands,†IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 484, no. 1, p 012045, 2020, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/484/1/012045.
M. Fikri, M. Farid, Y. Musa, M. F. Anshori, and A. Nur, “Selected agronomic traits and drone application in maize yield prediction,†SABRAO J. Breed. Genet., vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 508-515, 2023, doi:10.54910/sabrao2023.55.2.22.
M. F. Anshori, B. S. Purwoko, I. S. Dewi, W. B. Suwarno, and S. W. Ardie, “Salinity tolerance selection of double-haploid rice lines based on selection index and factor analysis,†AIMS Agric. Food, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 520-535, 2022.
H. Maulana, Y. Maxiselly, Y. Yuwariah, and D. Ruswandi, “Heritability and selection using gge biplots and the sustainability index (SI) of maize mutants under different cropping systems in upland,†Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 8, p. 6824, 2023, doi:10.3390/su15086824.
D. A. Pinzon-Nuñez, O. Wiche, Z. Bao, S. Xie, B. Fan, W. Zhang, M. Tang, and H. Tian, “Selenium species and fractions in the rock–soil–plant interface of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in a natural ultra-rich Se environment,†Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health., vol. 20, no. 5, p. 4032, 2023, doi:10.3390/ijerph20054032.
S. Shrestha, D. Niraula, S. Regmi, S. Basnet, S. T. Chhetri, and B. P. Kandel, “Performance evaluation and genetic parameters estimation of multi-companies maize hybrids in Lamahi Dang, Nepal,†Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 3, p. e14552, 2023, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14552.
S. Suwarti, M. Ghulamahdi, D. Sopandie, Trikoesoemaningtyas, E. Sulistyono, and M. Azrai, “Secondary trait and index selection determination for maize genotype selection in acidic tidal swamp environment,†Biodiversitas, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 4169-4179, 2022, doi:10.13057/biodiv/d230839.
S. B. Priyanto, R. Efendi, and B. Zainuddin, “Genetic variability, heritability, and path analysis for agronomic characters in hybrid maize,†J. Kultivasi, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 26-35, 2023, doi:10.24198/kultivasi.v22i1.38807.
X. Bao, X. Wen, and X. Sun, “Effects of environmental conditions and leaf area index changes on seasonal variations in carbon fluxes over a wheat–maize cropland rotation,†Int. J. Biometeorol., vol. 66, pp. 213-224, 2022, doi:10.1007/s00484-021-02208-8.
P. K. Singh, B. Sushma, and N. Kumari, “Character association and path analysis for yield components and biochemical traits in maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes,†Indian J. Agric. Res., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 135-140, 2022, doi:10.18805/IJARe.A-5723.
M. Akshaya, G. Shantakumar, O. Sridevi, and S. Nevani, “Correlation and path coefficient analysis for determining interrelationships among grain yield and yield related characters in maize hybrids (Zea mays L.),†Pharma. Innov. J., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1343-1346, 2022, doi:10.22271/tpi.2022.v11.i3r.1147.
S. B. Priyanto, O. D. Prayitno, and R. Efendi, “Correlation and path analysis maize hybrid yield,†J. Suboptimal Lands, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 80-87, 2023, doi:10.36706/JLSO.12.1.2023.629.
M. Farid, Nasaruddin, Y. Musa, I. Ridwan, and M. F. Anshori, “Effective screening of tropical wheat mutant lines under hydroponically induced drought stress using multivariate analysis approach,†Asian J. Plant. Sci., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 172-182, 2021, doi:10.3923/ajps.2021.172.182.
M. Farid, F. Djufry, A. Yassi, M. F. Anshori, Y. Musa, Nasaruddin, M. Aqil, A. F. Adzima, H. Iswoyo, M. H. Jamil, and S. Pati, “Integrated maize cultivation technology based on morphology, drone imaging, and participatory plant breeding,†SABRAO J. Breed. Genet., vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 267-279, 2022, doi:10.54910/sabrao2022.54.2.5.
E. Barth, J. T. V. de Resende, K. H. Mariguele, M. D. V. de Resende, A. L. B. R. da Silva, and S. Ru, “Multivariate analysis methods improve the selection of strawberry genotypes with low cold requirement,†Sci. Rep., vol. 12, no. 1, p. 11458, 2022, doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15688-4.
E. Fidiyawati, E. Latifah, A. Krismawati, D. Sihombing, D. Setyorini, A. Bakar, and Sugiono, “Effectivity of inorganic fertilizer NPK (15-15-6) to growth and yield of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) on alfisol soil,†IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 980, no. 1, p. 012014, 2022, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/980/1/012014.
R. Rosliani, I. R. Saadah, D. Musaddad, and N. Khaririyatun, “Potato growth, yield and quality affected by calcium and nitrogen (CaN) compound fertilizers on andisol soil type in Lembang,†IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 1172, no. 1, p. 012019, 2023, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1172/1/012019.
L. Fauziah, D. Setyorini, D. P. Saraswati, A. Krismawati, Baswarsiati, Z. Arifin, Sugiono, and N. Istiqomah, “Liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) as a substitute for nitrogen fertilizer in rice on acid soils,†IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 1172, no. 1, p. 012011, 2023, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1172/1/012011.
N. Khalaf, J. J. Leahy, and W. Kwapinski, “Phosphorus recovery from hydrothermal carbonization of organic waste: a review,†J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol, vol. 98, no. 10, pp. 2365-2377, 2023, doi:10.1002/jctb.7475.
X. Liu, W. Yang, W. Li, A. Ali, J. Chen, M. Sun, Z. Gao, and Z. Yang, “Moderate organic fertilizer substitution for partial chemical fertilizer improved soil microbial carbon source utilization and bacterial community composition in rain-fed wheat fields: current year,†Front. Microbiol., vol. 14, p. 1190052, 2023, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1190052.
K. Kuligowski, A. Cenian, I. Konkol, L. Swierczek, K. Chojnacka, G. Izydorczyk, D. Skrzypczak, and P. Bandrów, “Application of leather waste fractions and their biochars as organic fertilisers for ryegrass growth: Agri-environmental aspects and plants response modelling,†Energies, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 3883, 2023, doi:10.3390/en16093883.
Yustisia, B. Raharjo, Suparwoto, I. Khairullah, and D. Riyanto, “Productivity and agronomic efficiency of inundationtolerancerice in the swampland: A review,†IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 1172, no. 1, p. 012005, 2023, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1172/1/012005
H. Jariwala, R. M. Santos, J. D. Lauzon, A. Dutta, and Y. W. Chiang, “Controlled release fertilizers (CRFs) for climate-smart agriculture practices: a comprehensive review on release mechanism, materials, methods of preparation, and effect on environmental parameters,†Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., vol. 29, no. 36, pp. 53967-53995, 2022, doi:10.1007/s11356-022-20890-y.
R. Zhong, “Effects of risk perception and agricultural socialized services on farmers' organic fertilizer application behavior: Evidence from Shandong Province, China,†Front. Public. Health., vol. 11, p. 1056678, 2023, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.105667.
T. C. P. da Silva, A. g. d. S. Fortes, I. R. de Abreu, L. H. de Carvalho, Y. M. B. de Almeida, T. S. Alves, and R. Barbosa, “Development of biodegradable PLA/PBAT-based filaments for fertilizer release for agricultural applications,†Materials, vol. 15, no. 19, p. 6764, 2022, doi:10.3390/ma15196764.
C. Banik, S. Bakshi, D. A. Laird, R. G. Smith, and R. C. Brown, “Impact of biochar-based slow-release N-fertilizers on maize growth and nitrogen recovery efficiency,†J. Environ. Qual., vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 630-640, 2023, doi:10.1002/jeq2.20468.
Y. Liu, C. Ma, G. Li, Y. Jiang, P. Hou, L. Xue, L. Yang, and Y. Ding, “Lower dose of controlled/slow release fertilizer with higher rice yield and N utilization in paddies: Evidence from a meta-analysis,†F. Crops Res., vol. 294, p. 108879, 2023, doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2023.108879.
J. Zhai, G. Zhang, Y. Zhang, W. Xu, R. Xie, B. Ming, P. Hou, K. Wang, J. Xue, and S. Li, “Effect of the rate of nitrogen application on dry matter accumulation and yield formation of densely planted maize,†Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 22, p. 14940, 2022, doi:10.3390/su142214940.
K. Iseki, K. Ikazaki, and B. J. Batieno, “Heterogeneity effects of plant density and fertilizer application on cowpea grain yield in soil types with different physicochemical characteristics,†F. Crops Res., vol. 292, p. 108825, 2023. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2023.108825.
A. Sinaga, N. Jambang, L. Hakim, and Amisnaipa, “Increased cocoa production due to organic fertilizer application,†IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 1192, no. 1, p. 012006, 2023, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1192/1/012006.
M. Handajaningsih, Marwanto, S. M. Lubis, T. Adiprasetyo, and Prasetyo, “The effectiveness application of urea fertilizer coated with compost of empty oil palm bunch in tablet formula on growth, yield, and N content of celery,†AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 2583, no. 1, p. 020036, 2023, doi:10.1063/5.0116209.
T. d. O. Santos, A. t. d. A. Junior, and M. M. Moulin, “Maize breeding for low nitrogen inputs in agriculture: Mechanisms underlying the tolerance to the abiotic stress,†Stresses, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 136-152, 2023, doi:10.3390/stresses3010011.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2024 Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
